The Yellow Wallpaper The Story that Changed How Women and...

â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, is a story that surrounds many different topics. The narrator is living in a time period where women were looked down upon and mental illnesses were misunderstood. The narrator of the story suffers from post-partum depression and is recording her journey in a journal. Her husband, the typical man at the time, put her on â€Å"the rest cure,† as he believed that mental illnesses should be treated like physical illnesses. He brings her to a house far away from other people and makes her stay in the nursery. The nursery had shabby yellow wallpaper which sickened her, but intrigued her at the same time. The rest cure was basically confinement, both physically and mentally. She was deprived of†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Since the protagonist is suffering a mental breakdown, she is also considered an unreliable narrator because the reader cannot be certain if she is accurately relating the events of the stor y,† (Wilson 7). The narrator is portraying a woman who is looked down upon because of her mental illness, but women at the time were often seen as childish or too emotional. â€Å"Then he took me in his arms called me a blessed little goose,† (Gilman 5). The narrator’s husband, John, treats her almost like a father would treat a daughter. The narrator is belittled because of her inability to act like women at the time were expected to. â€Å"Victorian values stressed that women were to behave demurely and remain with in the domestic sphere,† (Wilson 6). During the 19th century, women were expected to simply care for the children and clean the house. Most of the time, women who aspired to do more than that were not considered respectable wives. â€Å"Because the narrator is completely dependent on her husband and is allowed no other role than to be a wife and a mother, she represents the secondary status of women during the 19th century,† (Wilson 5). John, the narrator’s controlling, but loving, husband represents the atypical man of the time. He wants his wife to get better and to be able to fill the role of the perfect wife that society expected from her. John, being a doctor, did not quite believe that her mental illness was out of her control and insisted onShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1269 Words   |  6 PagesFebruary 2017 Analysis of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† Life during the 1800s for a woman was rather distressing. Society had essentially designated them the role of being a housekeeper and bearing children. They had little to no voice on how they lived their daily lives. Men decided everything for them. To clash with society s conventional views is a challenging thing to do; however, Charlotte Perkins Gilman does an excellent job fighting that battle by writing â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† one of the most captivatingRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Yellow Wallpaper1915 Words   |  8 PagesWhen â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is viewed within the scopes of New Historical, Feminist, Psychoanalytical, Ethical and Reader response criticisms, the reader should first be imparted with the understanding of who Charlotte Perkins Gilman was, what she stood for, the time period in which the story was written, and how aspects of her cultural and historical background related to it. Second, how the circumstances imposed upon womenâ€℠¢s freedom of thought. Third, the reader shall ascertain how Freud’s PsychoanalyticalRead More Male View of Hysteria Presented in The Yellow Wallpaper3352 Words   |  14 PagesMale View of Hysteria Presented in The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charlotte Perkins Gilmans short story The Yellow Wallpaper has been viewed as either a work of supernatural horror or as a feminist treatise regarding the role of women in society. A close analysis of Gilmans use of symbols reveals The Yellow Wallpaper as her response to the male view of hysteria from ancient times through the nineteenth century. In The Yellow Wallpaper Gilman questions the validity of HippocratessRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s `` Young Goodman Brown `` And `` The Yellow Wallpaper ``2005 Words   |  9 Pagesillustrating their intent for a change in their respective eras and cultures. In three particular short stories, namely Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, â€Å"A New England Nun† by Mary E. Wilkins Freeman, and lastly Charlotte Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, each individual author speaks out against the established norms of their time in search for moral change. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, he addresses the value of the intense religious culture of that early AmericanRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Perkins Gilman And The Orphanage2169 Words   |  9 PagesThe Yellow Wallpaper, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and The Orphanage, directed by J.A Bayona, are both female driven stories, and due to a lack of dominant female roles in books and television, these pieces make statements on our society. The 19th century had very few female rights and very strict gender roles. A time when most women were thought to have some form of mental illness, and due to a lack of medical knowledge were vastly mistreated. The lapse in medicinal science, in combination with extremelyRead MorePsychiatric Treatment: Mental Disorders, Schizophrenia, and The Yellow Paper2081 Words   |  9 PagesThere are several people every year that are diagnosed with a mental disorder. In the world’s entire populati on, more than one percent of people have been diagnosed with schizophrenia (Brain and Behavior Research Foundation). When thinking of the billions of people in the world, it might not seem like that many people but once the number of those diagnosed is calculated it seems much larger. Currently there are more than seventy million people in the world that have been diagnosed with schizophreniaRead More Moving Beyond Motherhood in The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman4029 Words   |  17 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since its original publication in The New England Magazine in May 1892 and its subsequent resurrection by modern feminists in the l970s, Charlotte Perkins Gilmans novella, The Yellow Wallpaper has gone through varied interpretations. When it was originally written, The Yellow Wallpaper was considered a tale of horror, so horrible in fact, that one editor, Horace Scudder of the Atlantic Monthly, refused the work because he did not want to make others as miserable as he was when heRead MoreBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 Pagesfocus on margins and efficient use of space. Suppliers, particularly those in the third or fourth market-share position with only modest loyalty levels, are exposed to harsh pressure to provide price concessions. A decade ago, private-label brands were largely limited to low-quality, low-price products unsupported by effective packaging or marketing. Given these characteristics, they enjoyed only temporary sales spurts during recessionary times. No more. While still offering so-called price brandsRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesAirlines CASE STUDY II-3 Norfolk Southern Railway: The Business Intelligence Journey CASE STUDY II-4 Mining Data to Increase State Tax Revenues in California CASE STUDY II-5 The Cliptomaniaâ„ ¢ Web Store: An E-Tailing Start-up Survival Story CASE STUDY II-6 Rock Island Chocolate Company, Inc.: Building a Social Networking Strategy CASE STUDY III-1 Managing a Systems Development Project at Consumer and Industrial Products, Inc. CASE STUDY III-2 A Make-or-Buy Decision

Cotton Textile Industries in India - 1484 Words

INTRODUCTION The Textile Industry occupies a vital place in the Indian economy and contributes substantially to its exports earnings. Textiles exports represent nearly 30 per cent of the countrys total exports. It has a high weight age of over 20 per cent in the National production. It provides direct employment to over 15 million persons in the mill, powerloom and handloom sectors. India is the world’s second largest producer of textiles after China. It is the world’s third largest producer of cotton-after China and the USA-and the second largest cotton consumer after China. The textile industry in India is one of the oldest manufacturing sectors in the country and is currently it’s largest1. The Textile industry occupies an important†¦show more content†¦Textiles production increased 10 per cent over 2004. The growth was fuelled by a 22 per cent rise in production of other textiles (including apparels). Cotton textile also posted an increase of nine per cent. Textile Trend India is the world’s second largest producer of textiles and garments after China. It is the world’s third largest producer of cotton-after China and the USA - and the second largest cotton consumer after China. The textile and garment industry in India is one of the oldest manufacturing sectors in the country and is currently the largest . The textile and garment industry fulfils a pivotal role in the Indian economy. It is a major foreign exchange earner and, after agriculture, it is the largest employer with a total workforce of 35 mn. In 2005 textiles and garments accounted for about 14 per cent of industrial production and 16 per cent of export earnings. In cotton yarn production India has made a mark in the world textile scenario. It is the largest exporter of the cotton yarns in the world. Besides yarn exports, India’s growing garment industry is working as a driving force to improve the yarn quality and to increase the production of cotton yarn. During 2004-05, production of fabrics touched a peak of 45,378 million square meters. In theShow MoreRelatedHistory Of Cotton Cultivation And Production1425 Words   |  6 Pageshistory of cotton cultivation and production to cottons part in society now. Tyler Riviere 4 April, 2016 The evolutionary history of cotton played an important role in the heritage of the British Empire, the United States(U.S.), and India. Cotton continues to be an important crop and commodity throughout society. The history of Cotton is one of the most important factors to our society currently. Cotton cultivation dates back over 7,000 years, seeds of cotton are found all over the world. Cotton is hugelyRead MoreThe Textile Industry : The World s Economy And Daily Lifestyle1616 Words   |  7 PagesThe textile industry is a major entity in the world’s economy and daily lifestyle. Textiles are used in order to accentuate and warm the body. Heavier and more durable textiles are developed for the decoration and protection of furniture. There are approximately 7 billion people living in the world and all of them own at least one textile, whether it be a clothing item or a burlap sack. For thousands of years humanity has used textiles for practical and decorative uses. Inhabitants o f northwesternRead MoreMumbai And Its Impact On The West Coast Of India1087 Words   |  5 PagesMumbai or otherwise known as Bombay, originally began as a grouping of seven individual islands in the west coast of India. As a result of the British East India Company’s trading actions during the later part of the 17th century, the small port town began to develop. As time and enlargement of the city progressed over the course of the following two centuries, the seven islands were interconnected through large-scale engineering practices that included the addition of causeways and seawalls. TheseRead MoreBook Review and Questions: The Walgreens T-Shirt1330 Words   |  5 Pagesin the market and are often hidden from economist. Part 1 King Cotton American cotton farmers have accomplished an extremely rare thing by keeping a comparative advantage in cotton farming in the US for over 200 years. Explain why this has happened there are two broad categories of reasons. At the end of the section (p. 64 and 65) she uses Thomas Friedmans metaphor of the gazelles and the lions it turns out that American cotton farmers are both. The gazelles win by running faster and smarterRead MoreThe Long Term Economic Growth1290 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of industry in the colony. The other view is that people emphasize it was hard for the colonized to start the process of industrialization in the colony. In my opinion, both of the views are reasonable, but neither of them is comprehensive. In order to demonstrate my opinion on the relation, I choose British India and the Belgian Congo as two objects to analysis in the following paragraphs and specify the solution in the conclusion. Modern industrial development in British India can be dividedRead MoreThe Textile Industry Of India3002 Words   |  13 PagesABSTRACT The Textile industry in India has generated huge employment for both skilled and unskilled labor in textiles . It continues to be the second largest employment generating sector in India. It offers direct employment to over 35 million in the country. The share of textiles in total exports was 11.04% during April–July 2010, as per the Ministry of Textiles. Textile industry is one of the oldest industry of India. â€Æ' INTRODUCTION Textile Industries are concerned with the production of clothingRead MoreMajor Player in Textile Industry1410 Words   |  6 PagesMAJOR PLAYERS IN TEXTILE INDUSTRY THE ARVIND MILLS The Lalbhais can trace their descent from Seth Shantidas (c.1590-1659), who was a dominant figure in the business and civic life of the city.  The current surname, Lalbhai, is derived from Lalbhai Dalpatbhai the great great great grandson of Khushalchand. Lalbhai was born around the time when the first textile factory in the city went into production. The first manufacturing company of the Lalbhai family, Saraspur Manufacturing Company was establishedRead MoreThe Influence Of Industrialization In Europe855 Words   |  4 Pagesdramatic and most aggressive; it was based on a stream of European products, people, and ideas flowing from Europe to other parts of the world. The third great expansion had economic beginnings. With the industrial revolution, the ability of European industry to produce had increased exponentially. Those areas of the world that industrialized increased their wealth and power enormously in comparison to those who did not. As a result, a gap developed between the developed industrialized nations of theRead MoreThe Bcg Matrix1694 Words   |  7 Pagesmarketing manager. It is based on the observation that a company’s business units can be classified into four main categories based on combinations of market growth and market share, hence the name growth-share matrix. Market growth represents the industry attractive attractiveness, and market share stands for competitive advantage. This helps the marketing manager allocate resources and is used as an analytical tool in brand marketing, product management, strategic management etc. The basic idea behindRead MoreThe Origins Of The Modern World982 Words   |  4 Pagesthe period of 1400-1850. He shows that how Asia is the center prior of the 1800s not the standard Eurocentric and it s a polycentric world in term of the world trade. In the Origins, he focuses on the economic history where geographical on China, India, and England. In the beginning of the book he starts with a summary of Rise of the West where he say the west as dynamic, forward looking, progressive, and free, and Asia as stagnating, backward, and despotic. After that he started building up

My Argument Paper Free Essays

Stefanie Markel 1/2/2012 English Composition II Maria Mahon Adoption vs. Artificial Insemination Argument Essay When starting a family, parents are given several options. Unassisted pregnancy, where a couple gets pregnant with no outside interference, artificial insemination, or adoption are several options that a couple would consider when deciding to start a family. We will write a custom essay sample on My Argument Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now The two that I will focus on are the latter two, adoption and artificial insemination. Adoption is a special, somewhat heartbreaking subject for me, however, for the sake of this argument, it needs to be addressed. I will touch on the pros and cons of each technique of starting a family. My position is that the decision to adopt or be artificially inseminated is an informed decision that each person should make after reviewing all of the information that one can gather. IF it were me, I would prefer artificial insemination, for of course, my own personal reasons. The adoption process brings to light several pros and several cons that a couple or single parent would need to consider before proceeding. Before considering adoption, one would need to consider these things, 1. cost of adoption, 2. ) domestic or international adoption, 3. ) and cost of caring for child, 4. ) opened or closed adoption. One pro of adoption is if you are not able to have a child of your own, there are many children out there that need a home and family to care for them. Depending on the situation a child is in, you may be saving that child from abuse, neglect, poverty, or malnutrition from environmental challenges (if a dopted internationally you may see this more so than domestically). On the other hand, it may be a situation of an underage mother that has no help or ability to care for the child. Another pro of adoption is that you would be able to have a child even if you as couple or as a single mother cannot conceive on your own. A con of adoption is that it is expensive; there is a lot that goes into approving someone to be able to adopt a child. And the time that it takes for an adoption to be finalized can take months up to years. The end result of holding a child in your arms is the biggest pro of all. Now a con in the child’s point of view would be not knowing who your biological parents are or your heritage. As a child who was adopted grows older, he/she may have questions that can be difficult at best to explain depending on the circumstances of the adoption. This is where my experience comes in; however, my experience is an exceptional situation. I was adopted by my maternal grandmother at the age of 10 years old. This was an open adoption. This made things very difficult. My mother did not just have my grandmother adopt and then leave me be. No, she was in and out of my life constantly, usually when it was convenient for her. This made things difficult for my adoptive mother to deal with. This is not usually a normal situation. My children, not by my choice, however, were also adopted last year. The adoptive parents do not allow me contact, this is a closed adoption. I hope to one day change this. (personal experience) While my mother gave up her rights willingly, I did not willingly sign the papers giving up my rights, I was forced to. These are two extreme situations of adoption. When my children get older, they will ask the questions of who they are and where they come from of their adoptive parents, then my hope is that they will come find me so that we may eventually have a mother/children relationship. The second option that is available for prospective parents is artificial insemination. This is a slightly less expensive option to become parents, depending on what route you take. A pro to this, is that you can become a natural parent, by this I mean the child is yours biologically. Now depending on the situation, you may be seeking to have a child, but do not have a partner. Or your partner (male) may not be able to help conceive a child. These are just two reasons that you would choose this option, there are many reasons, and all are different for different people. In this process, at least one process that is, you can go to cryogenic clinic, select the donor you wish, and have a doctor inseminate you. To choose a donor, select age, race, medical history (personal and family), profession, hobbies. This will bring up donors to choose from. Another con is that even though you can select pretty much everything about a donor, your child will not look like your partner, and could eventually raise questions later. Another con, as a single parent choosing this option, as your child grows older, they may ask questions that you cannot answer, as well as the question to find their biological father. In conclusion, of the two options given, each have their pros and cons but they both have a wonderful ending result, a child to love. No matter what choice you choose, remember a child is a precious responsibility and nothing to take lightly. When it comes time for me to choose, it may be possible for me to choose both, having been adopted I do know the benefits to the child in a normal situation. And I would love to experience pregnancy again, although I may not have a partner, I do know that I will have lots of support if I decide to do the second option. I would very much like to give a child a home someday and get them out of whatever situation they are in. References Adoption. com, retrieved 1/4/2012 from http://forums. doption. com/thanks-life/62158-seeking-adoptees-pro-life-pro-adoption-testimonies. html Adoption. org, retrieved 1/3/2012 from http://www. adoption. org/adopt/pro-adoption. php Personal Experience of being adopted and having my children taken from me and being adopted by foster parents LifeScript: Healthy Living for Women, retrieved 1/3/201, http://www. lifescript. com/Health/Conditions/Womens- health/Pregnancy/The_Pros_And_Cons_Of_Artificial_Insemination. aspx WebMD, retrieved 1/3/2012 from http://www. webmd. com/infertility-and-reproduction/guide/artificial-insemination How to cite My Argument Paper, Essays

Is Fashion Art Essay Example For Students

Is Fashion Art Essay Everybody questions art. You would think art is merely created for admiration, but its not. The average person would describe art as a drawing on a piece of paper, and this quote by Clement Greenberg (1909-1991) suggests why: The task of self-criticism became to eliminate from the effects of each art, any and every effect that might conceivably be borrowed from or by the medium of any other art. Thereby, each art would be rendered pure Painting is not sculpture it is two-dimensional; Painting is not photography it should not reproduce appearance; Painting is not literature it should not tell stories; Painting is not music it is silent. But if we did believe that art was purely a drawing created by the markings of an ordinary medium (such as a pencil, paint, etc) on a piece of paper, then that would be ignorant. Times have evolved, and everything is becoming more modern, from the way we think, to the things we do, to the things that are being made/designed/thought of, etc. Art is now a much broader term and a lot of the time does not even result in the use of a pencil and paper. Art can comprise of architecture, music, sculpture, magazines, films, and fashion, and those are only a few examples. On a recent excursion to the Tate Modern, I came across two pieces of art which left me baffled. The first was half a glass of water on a stand, and the second was a large canvas painted completely in grey, which was actually titled Grey by Gerhard Richter. I looked at both and could not understand why anyone would consider this to be art. It just seemed so simple and effortless, and as though anybody could accomplish an exact replica. What exactly is the meaning and the concept behind something so ludicrous? What could have possibly triggered a person to think I will paint a canvas grey and claim it to be a piece of artwork. Where has the passion and thought gone? The ideas, the detail, and the complexity that we crave to marvel at? During a lecture a few months back, we were informed of artist Paul Klees description of art, which is that it begins with the foundation of a single point. It is where all pictorial form begins, with the point that sets itself in motion. The point then leads to a line, then the two-dimensional plane, followed by the three-dimensional. Vertical and horizontal lines are the expression of two opposing forces; these exist everywhere and dominate everything Piet Mondrian, 1921. And if we reminisce back to the times of the Pre-homosapians, they made images on surfaces that mean something, like on caves the meanings of these images were unknown. We are unsure as to whether they were for any specific purpose, for admiration, for communication, or any other reason. But it is interesting that art goes back all those centuries ago, and that it was possible to create without the use of a pencil and a piece of paper. In my experience and opinion, art is anything. It can be created to cause controversy, to view, to sell, to buy, to create, to design, to question, to interpret, to admire, to disapprove, or to judge. It can be displayed for personal use or for societys use. So to conclude from this information, art really is anything and everything. If it is correct that it all begins with the point, then paintings, sculptures, architecture, and fashion should all be considered art. A painting has to begin with the point of a medium on a canvas, a sculpture and architecture has to begin with the point of a material, and fashion has to begin with the point of a stitch onto a piece of fabric. .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 , .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .postImageUrl , .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 , .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481:hover , .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481:visited , .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481:active { border:0!important; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481:active , .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Robert Schumann EssayWhich leads me on to my next question, is fashion art? Fashion is not something that exists in dresses only. Fashion is in the sky, in the street, fashion has to do with ideas, the way we live, what is happening Coco Chanel. In my opinion yes, fashion is art. But who decides? Fashion is not usually put in a gallery although a notable exception is the Victoria and Albert Museum, with an excellent costume gallery. But then is fashion simply just what we wear? Fashion is usually trends which have been disseminated from the catwalks to the high street, rather than cutting-edge couture that is beyond most budgets. But then again, is that Monet poster on your wall not art? It may be a reproduction of the painting, but it is still art, isnt it? And what about your Topshop dress. Is that art? Well, perhaps a reproduction of it. After all, clothes are designed, created, and displayed on the catwalk in a series of stages comparable to that of the production of a work of art. What about Tracy Emins My Bed, is it art? Is Marcel Duchamps Fountain (a urinal which he signed with a pseudonym) art? Well if you disagree then you may have to reconsider your decision as it was voted the most influential 20th century artwork in 2004. These works are both acclaimed and slated, and yet there is probably less actual artistic work in them than in a Stella McCartney outfit. Perhaps fashion is just craftsmanship? But then, surely so is painting, sculpture and architecture, requiring specific skills to produce, and yet few people would argue that they do not constitute an artistic endeavour. Fortunys tiny pleats of the 1920s (practically unwearable but certainly beautiful) were like Grecian sculptures: detailed, handmade pieces that represented a lifes work. In the 1970s, Jean Muirs flowing silk jersey dresses gave women the chance to look like Pre-Raphaelite heroines. The eclecticism of Bibas lifestyle/fashion emporium gave the women of the 60s and 70s the chance to dress up in bohemian exotic clothes. So perhaps fashion imitates art? After all, it uses similar processes in thought, as well as in the design, and the actual making. It takes years to build a structure in architecture, and it can also take years to create a piece of clothing worthy for the catwalk. Art is what you can get away with Andy Warhol. This is exactly what fashion is too. Coco Chanel said that fashion is a matter of proportions, which is one of the significant rules of art: architecture, painting, sculpture, and no doubt other arts too, such as music and poetry. In fact, catwalk reports often describe sartorial embellishments as architectural, shoes as towering, colours as rich and textured art critics and fashion critics use the same language. For example, Vogue reporting on the Miu Miu Spring/Summer catwalk talks of jewelled palettes and clean lines, while the Galliano report talks of Faberge eggs, gold leaf and vibrant primaries. Art is something we can admire, argue about, love or hate but we cannot take it home with us except as a postcard. Fashion is something we can have the same kind of relationship with, but on an even more personal level, because wearable art, art we can actually wrap around us and go out in, actually becomes us. So in a sense, fashion is all around us. Compared to actual art, as in paintings, (which you usually have to view in a gallery) we see fashion everyday, it is everywhere. The complete picture is what makes it art not just the label, but the handbag, the hair, the makeup, the shoes, as well as the dress. These are the tiny dots of paint that make up the overall work of art, and as depicted from my lecture, all art begins with a point on a surface. .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 , .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .postImageUrl , .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 , .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7:hover , .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7:visited , .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7:active { border:0!important; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7:active , .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The concept of earning ones citizenship EssayBut because we see it everyday, does that make it less valuable, or less inclined to be considered as art? I would say the answer to that is no. Architecture and sculptures are seen everyday, and these are considered as a major part of the artistic world. Fashion is very much of its time. It is always about the current season, and what is coming next. It is an ever-changing industry, and even though certain attire does go out of fashion, something from the past always comes back. For example; Leg Warmers are back on the market, from the 80s to the 21st Century. There are so many possibilities, and there are no rules and regulations to fashion, which in that sense compares it to art (particularly in terms of paintings).

Is Fashion Art Essay Example For Students

Is Fashion Art Essay Everybody questions art. You would think art is merely created for admiration, but its not. The average person would describe art as a drawing on a piece of paper, and this quote by Clement Greenberg (1909-1991) suggests why: The task of self-criticism became to eliminate from the effects of each art, any and every effect that might conceivably be borrowed from or by the medium of any other art. Thereby, each art would be rendered pure Painting is not sculpture it is two-dimensional; Painting is not photography it should not reproduce appearance; Painting is not literature it should not tell stories; Painting is not music it is silent. But if we did believe that art was purely a drawing created by the markings of an ordinary medium (such as a pencil, paint, etc) on a piece of paper, then that would be ignorant. Times have evolved, and everything is becoming more modern, from the way we think, to the things we do, to the things that are being made/designed/thought of, etc. Art is now a much broader term and a lot of the time does not even result in the use of a pencil and paper. Art can comprise of architecture, music, sculpture, magazines, films, and fashion, and those are only a few examples. On a recent excursion to the Tate Modern, I came across two pieces of art which left me baffled. The first was half a glass of water on a stand, and the second was a large canvas painted completely in grey, which was actually titled Grey by Gerhard Richter. I looked at both and could not understand why anyone would consider this to be art. It just seemed so simple and effortless, and as though anybody could accomplish an exact replica. What exactly is the meaning and the concept behind something so ludicrous? What could have possibly triggered a person to think I will paint a canvas grey and claim it to be a piece of artwork. Where has the passion and thought gone? The ideas, the detail, and the complexity that we crave to marvel at? During a lecture a few months back, we were informed of artist Paul Klees description of art, which is that it begins with the foundation of a single point. It is where all pictorial form begins, with the point that sets itself in motion. The point then leads to a line, then the two-dimensional plane, followed by the three-dimensional. Vertical and horizontal lines are the expression of two opposing forces; these exist everywhere and dominate everything Piet Mondrian, 1921. And if we reminisce back to the times of the Pre-homosapians, they made images on surfaces that mean something, like on caves the meanings of these images were unknown. We are unsure as to whether they were for any specific purpose, for admiration, for communication, or any other reason. But it is interesting that art goes back all those centuries ago, and that it was possible to create without the use of a pencil and a piece of paper. In my experience and opinion, art is anything. It can be created to cause controversy, to view, to sell, to buy, to create, to design, to question, to interpret, to admire, to disapprove, or to judge. It can be displayed for personal use or for societys use. So to conclude from this information, art really is anything and everything. If it is correct that it all begins with the point, then paintings, sculptures, architecture, and fashion should all be considered art. A painting has to begin with the point of a medium on a canvas, a sculpture and architecture has to begin with the point of a material, and fashion has to begin with the point of a stitch onto a piece of fabric. .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 , .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .postImageUrl , .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 , .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481:hover , .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481:visited , .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481:active { border:0!important; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481:active , .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Robert Schumann EssayWhich leads me on to my next question, is fashion art? Fashion is not something that exists in dresses only. Fashion is in the sky, in the street, fashion has to do with ideas, the way we live, what is happening Coco Chanel. In my opinion yes, fashion is art. But who decides? Fashion is not usually put in a gallery although a notable exception is the Victoria and Albert Museum, with an excellent costume gallery. But then is fashion simply just what we wear? Fashion is usually trends which have been disseminated from the catwalks to the high street, rather than cutting-edge couture that is beyond most budgets. But then again, is that Monet poster on your wall not art? It may be a reproduction of the painting, but it is still art, isnt it? And what about your Topshop dress. Is that art? Well, perhaps a reproduction of it. After all, clothes are designed, created, and displayed on the catwalk in a series of stages comparable to that of the production of a work of art. What about Tracy Emins My Bed, is it art? Is Marcel Duchamps Fountain (a urinal which he signed with a pseudonym) art? Well if you disagree then you may have to reconsider your decision as it was voted the most influential 20th century artwork in 2004. These works are both acclaimed and slated, and yet there is probably less actual artistic work in them than in a Stella McCartney outfit. Perhaps fashion is just craftsmanship? But then, surely so is painting, sculpture and architecture, requiring specific skills to produce, and yet few people would argue that they do not constitute an artistic endeavour. Fortunys tiny pleats of the 1920s (practically unwearable but certainly beautiful) were like Grecian sculptures: detailed, handmade pieces that represented a lifes work. In the 1970s, Jean Muirs flowing silk jersey dresses gave women the chance to look like Pre-Raphaelite heroines. The eclecticism of Bibas lifestyle/fashion emporium gave the women of the 60s and 70s the chance to dress up in bohemian exotic clothes. So perhaps fashion imitates art? After all, it uses similar processes in thought, as well as in the design, and the actual making. It takes years to build a structure in architecture, and it can also take years to create a piece of clothing worthy for the catwalk. Art is what you can get away with Andy Warhol. This is exactly what fashion is too. Coco Chanel said that fashion is a matter of proportions, which is one of the significant rules of art: architecture, painting, sculpture, and no doubt other arts too, such as music and poetry. In fact, catwalk reports often describe sartorial embellishments as architectural, shoes as towering, colours as rich and textured art critics and fashion critics use the same language. For example, Vogue reporting on the Miu Miu Spring/Summer catwalk talks of jewelled palettes and clean lines, while the Galliano report talks of Faberge eggs, gold leaf and vibrant primaries. Art is something we can admire, argue about, love or hate but we cannot take it home with us except as a postcard. Fashion is something we can have the same kind of relationship with, but on an even more personal level, because wearable art, art we can actually wrap around us and go out in, actually becomes us. So in a sense, fashion is all around us. Compared to actual art, as in paintings, (which you usually have to view in a gallery) we see fashion everyday, it is everywhere. The complete picture is what makes it art not just the label, but the handbag, the hair, the makeup, the shoes, as well as the dress. These are the tiny dots of paint that make up the overall work of art, and as depicted from my lecture, all art begins with a point on a surface. .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 , .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .postImageUrl , .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 , .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7:hover , .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7:visited , .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7:active { border:0!important; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7:active , .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The concept of earning ones citizenship EssayBut because we see it everyday, does that make it less valuable, or less inclined to be considered as art? I would say the answer to that is no. Architecture and sculptures are seen everyday, and these are considered as a major part of the artistic world. Fashion is very much of its time. It is always about the current season, and what is coming next. It is an ever-changing industry, and even though certain attire does go out of fashion, something from the past always comes back. For example; Leg Warmers are back on the market, from the 80s to the 21st Century. There are so many possibilities, and there are no rules and regulations to fashion, which in that sense compares it to art (particularly in terms of paintings).

A study on Penis free essay sample

Penis (plural penises or penes) is a general term for the organs with which male and hermaphrodite animals introduce sperm into receptive females during copulation. Such organs occur in many animals, both vertebrate and invertebrate, but males do not bear a penis in every animal species, and in those species in which the male does bear a so-called penis, the penes in the various species are not necessarily homologous. For example, the penis of a mammal is at most analogous to the penis of a male insect or barnacle. The term penis applies to many reproductive intromittent organs, but not to all; for example the intromittent organ of most cephalopoda is the hectocotylus, a specialised arm, and male spiders use their pedipalps. In most species of animals in which there is an organ that might reasonably be described as a penis, it has no major function other than intromission, or at least conveying the sperm to the female, but in the placental mammals the penis bears the distal part of the urethra, which discharges both urine during urination and semen during copulation as the occasion requires. We will write a custom essay sample on A study on Penis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Blue Whale has the largest penis of any organism on the planet, typically measuring 8-10 feet. Contents [hide] 1 In different animals 1. 1 Vertebrates 1. 1. 1 Mammals 1. 1. 2 Other vertebrates 1. 2 Invertebrates 2 Etymology 3 See also 4 References 5 External links In different animals Vertebrates Mammals Further information: Sexual reproduction in male mammals For the male human sexual organ, see Human penis. Penis of an Asian elephant. As with any other bodily attribute, the length and girth of the penis can be highly variable between individuals of the same species. In many animals, especially mammals, the size of a flaccid penis is smaller than its erect size. A bone called the baculum or os penis is present in most mammals but absent in humans and horses. In mammals the penis is divided into three parts:[1] Roots (crura): these begin at the caudal border of the pelvic ischial arch. Body: the part of the penis extending from the roots. Glans: the free end of the penis. The internal structures of the penis consist mainly of cavernous, erectile tissue, which is a collection of blood sinusoids separated by sheets of connective tissue (trabeculae). Some mammals have a lot of erectile tissue relative to connective tissue, for example horses. Because of this a horses penis can enlarge more than a bulls penis. The urethra is on the ventral side of the body of the penis. Stallions have a vascular penis. When non-erect, it is quite flaccid and contained within the prepuce (foreskin, or sheath). The retractor penis muscle is relatively underdeveloped. Erection and protrusion take place gradually, by the increasing tumescence of the erectile vascular tissue in the corpus cavernosum penis. Bulls, rams and boars have an S-shaped penis with a sigmoid flexure which straightens out during erection. Bulls have a fibro-elastic penis. Given the small amount of erectile tissue, there is little enlargement after erection. The penis is quite rigid when non-erect, and becomes even more rigid during erection. Protrusion is not affected much by erection, but more by relaxation of the retractor penis muscle and straightening of the sigmoid flexure. [2] Canids, including dogs, have a bulbus glandis at the base of their penis. During coitus the bulbus glandis swells up and results in a tie (the male and female dogs being tied together). Muscles in the vagina of the female assist the retention by contracting. Cats have barbed penises, with about 120–150 one millimeter long backwards-pointing spines. [3] Upon withdrawal of the penis, the spines rake the walls of the females vagina, which is a trigger for ovulation. As a general rule, a mammals penis is proportional to its body size, but this varies greatly between species – even between closely related ones. For example, an adult gorillas erect penis is about 4 cm (1. 5 in) in length; an adult chimpanzee, significantly smaller (in body size) than a gorilla, has a penis size about double that of the gorilla. In comparison, the human penis is larger than that of any other primate, both in proportion to body size and in absolute terms. [4] In the realm of absolute size, the smallest vertebrate penis belongs to the common shrew (5 mm or 0. 2 inches). Accurate measurements of the blue whale are difficult to take because the whales erect length can only be observed during mating. [5] Most marsupials, except for the two largest species of kangaroos, have a bifurcated penis, separated into two columns, so that the penis has two ends corresponding to the females two vaginas. [6] Neither marsupials nor monotremes possess a baculum. Echidnas have a four-headed penis, but only two of the heads are used during mating. The other two heads shut down and do not grow in size. The heads used are swapped each time the mammal has sex. [7] It has been postulated that the shape of the human penis may have been selected by sperm competition. The shape could have favored displacement of seminal fluids implanted within the female reproductive tract by rival males: the thrusting action which occurs during sexual intercourse can mechanically remove seminal fluid out of the cervix area from a previous mating. Other vertebrates Most male birds (e. g. , roosters and turkeys) have a cloaca (also present on the female), but not a penis. Among bird species with a penis are paleognathes (tinamous and ratites), Anatidae (ducks, geese and swans), and a very few other species (such as flamingoes). A bird penis is different in structure from mammal penises, being an erectile expansion of the cloacal wall and being erected by lymph, not blood. It is usually partially feathered and in some species features spines and brush-like filaments, and in flaccid state curls up inside the cloaca. The Argentine Blue-bill has the largest penis in relation to body size of all vertebrates; while usually about half the body size (20 cm), a specimen with a penis 42. 5 cm long is documented. Male turtles and crocodiles have a penis, while male specimens of the reptile order Squamata have two paired organs called hemipenes. Tuataras must use their cloacae for reproduction. [9] In some fishes, the gonopodium, andropodium, and claspers are intromittent organs (to introduce sperm into the female) developed from modified fins. The spine-covered penis of Callosobruchus analis, a Bean weevil. Invertebrates The record for the largest penis to body size ratio is held by the barnacle. The barnacles penis can grow to up to forty times its own body length. This enables them to reach the nearest female. [5] In male insects, the structure analogous to a penis is known as aedeagus. The male copulatory organ of various lower invertebrate animals is often called the cirrus. A number of invertebrate species have independently evolved the mating technique of traumatic insemination where the penis penetrates the females abdomen and deposits sperm in the wound it produces.

Classes In Religious Instruction To Public School Pupils Religion Essay Example

Classes In Religious Instruction To Public School Pupils Religion Essay Example Classes In Religious Instruction To Public School Pupils Religion Essay Classes In Religious Instruction To Public School Pupils Religion Essay at pages 15, 16 of 330 U.S.. The bulk in the Everson instance, and the minority as shown by citations from the dissenting positions in our notes 6 and 7, agreed that the First Amendment s linguistic communication, decently interpreted, had erected a wall of separation between Church and State. They disagreed as to the facts shown by the record and as to the proper application of the First Amendment s linguistic communication to those facts. Acknowledging that the Illinois plan is barred by the First and Fourteenth Amendments if we adhere to the positions expressed both by the bulk and the minority in the Everson instance, advocate for the respondents challenge those positions as pronouncement and impulse that we reconsider and repudiate them. They argue that historically the First Amendment was intended to prohibit lone authorities penchant of one faith over another, non an impartial governmental aid of all faiths. In add-on they ask that we distinguish or overrule our retention in the Everson instance that the Fourteenth Amendment made the establishment of faith clause of the First Amendment applicable as a prohibition against the States. After giving full consideration to the statements presented we are unable to accept either of these contentions. To keep that a province can non systematically with the First and Fourteenth Amendments use its public school system to help any or all spiritual religions or religious orders in the airing of their philosophies and ideals does non, as advocate impulse, manifest a governmental ill will to faith or spiritual instructions. A manifestation of such ill will would be at war with our national tradition as embodied in the First Amendment s guarantee of the free [ 212 ] exercising of faith. For the First Amendment rests upon the premiss that both faith and authorities can outdo work to accomplish their lofty purposes if each is left free from the other within its respective domain. Or, as we said in the Everson instance, the First Amendment had erected a wall between Church and State which must be kept high and inviolable. Here non merely are the province s tax-supported public school edifices used for the airing of spiritual philosophies. The State besides affords sectarian groups an priceless assistance in that it helps to supply students for their spiritual categories through usage of the province s mandatory public school machinery. This is non separation of Church and State. Mr. Justice FRANKFURTER delivered the undermentioned sentiment, in which Mr. Justice JACKSON, Mr. Justice RUTLEDGE and Mr. Justice BURTON articulation. We dissented in Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1, because in our position the Constitutional rule necessitating separation of Church and State compelled annulment of the regulation sustained by the bulk. Illinois has here authorized the commingling of sectarian with secular direction in the public schools. The Fundamental law of the United States forbids this. . . . [ 214 ] The development of colonial instruction, mostly in the service of faith, into the public school system of today is the narrative of altering constructs sing the American democratic society, of the maps of State-maintained instruction in such a society, and of the function therein of the free exercising of faith by the people. The modern public school derived from a doctrine of freedom reflected in the First Amendment. It is appropriate to remember that the Remonstrance of James Madison, an event BASIC in the history of spiritual autonomy, was called Forth by a proposal which involved support to spiritual instruction. See Mr. Justice Rutledge s sentiment in the Everson instance supra, 330 U.S. at pages 36, 37. As the impulse for popular instruction increased and in bend evoked strong claims for State support of spiritual instruction, contests non unlike that which in Virginia had produced Madison s Expostulation appeared in assorted signifier in other States. New York and Mass achusetts provide celebrated chapters in the history that established dissociation of spiritual learning from State-maintained schools. In New York, the rise of the common schools led, despite ferocious sectarian resistance, to the blackball of revenue enhancement founds to church schools, and subsequently to any school in which sectarian philosophy was [ 215 ] taught. In Massachusetts, mostly through the attempts of Horace Mann, all sectarian instructions were barred from the common school to salvage it from being rent by denominational struggle. The consequence of these contentions, frequently long and fierce, is reasonably summarized by stating that long before the Fourteenth Amendment subjected the States to new restrictions, the prohibition of promotion by the State of spiritual direction became the guiding rule, in jurisprudence and feeling, of the American people. . . . Separation in the field of instruction, so, was non imposed upon unwilling States by force of superior jurisprudence. In this regard the Fourteenth Amendment simply reflected a rule so dominant in our national life. To the extent that the Constitution therefore made it adhering upon the States, the footing of the limitation is the whole experience of our people. Avid wakefulness against merger of secular and spiritual activities by Government itself, through any of its instruments but particularly through its educational bureaus, was the democratic response of the American community to the peculiar demands of a immature and turning state, unique in the composing of its [ 216 ] people. A wholly different state of affairs elsewhere, as illustrated for case by the English commissariats for spiritual instruction in State- maintained schools, merely serves to exemplify that free societies are non cast in one cast. Different establishments evolve from different historic fortunes. It is pertinent to remind that the constitution of this rule of separation in the field of instruction was non due to any diminution in the spiritual beliefs of the people. Horace Mann was a devout Christian, and the deep spiritual feeling of James Madison is stamped upon the Remonstrance. The secular public school did non connote indifference to the basic function of faith in the life of the people, nor rejection of spiritual instruction as a agency of furthering it. The claims of faith were non minimized by declining to do the public schools bureaus for their averment. The non-sectarian or secular public school was the agencies of accommodating freedom in general with spiritual freedom. The crisp parturiency of the public schools to secular instruction was a acknowledgment of the demand of a democratic society to educate its kids, in so far as the State undertook to make so, in an atmosphere free from force per unit areas in a kingdom in which force per unit areas are most resisted and where struggles are most easy and most bitterly engendered. Designed to function as possibly the most powerful bureau for advancing coherence among a heterogenous democratic people, the public school must maintain scrupu- [ 217 ] lously free from web in the discord of religious orders. The saving of the community from dissentious struggles, of Government from unreconcilable force per unit areas by spiritual groups, of faith from censoring and coercion nevertheless subtly exercised, requires rigorous parturiency of the State to instruction other than spiritual, go forthing to the person s church and place, indoctrination in the religion of his pick. This development of the public school as a symbol of our secular integrity was non a sudden accomplishment nor attained without violent struggle. While in little communities of relatively homogenous spiritual beliefs, the demand for absolute separation presented no urgencies, elsewhere the growing of the secular school encountered the opposition of experiencing strongly engaged against it. But the inevitableness of such efforts is the really ground for Constitutional commissariats chiefly concerned with the protection of minority groups. And such religious orders are switching groups, changing from clip to clip, and topographic point to topographic point, therefore stand foring in their entirety the common involvement of the state. Enough has been said to bespeak that we are covering non with a matured rule, nor one holding the determinateness of a surveyor s boundary lines and bounds. But by 1875 the separation of public instruction from Church webs, of the State from the instruction of faith, was steadfastly established in the consciousness of the state. In [ 218 ] that twelvemonth President Grant made his celebrated comments to the Convention of the Army of the Tennessee: Encourage free schools and decide that non one dollar appropriated for their support shall be appropriated for the support of any sectarian schools. Decide that neither the province nor the state, nor both combined, shall back up establishments of larning other than those sufficient to afford every kid turning up in the land the chance of a good common school instruction, plain with sectarian, heathen, or atheistical tenet. Leave the affair of faith to the household communion table, the church, and the private school, supported wholly by private parts. Keep the church and province everlastingly separated. So strong was this strong belief, that instead than rest on the comprehensive prohibitions of the First and Fourteenth Amendments, President Grant urged that there be written into the United States Constitution peculiar amplifications including a specific prohibition against the usage of public financess for sectarian instruction,[ 6 ]such as had [ 219 ] been written into many State fundamental laws. By 1894, in pressing the acceptance of such a proviso in the New York Constitution, Elihu Root was able to sum up a century of the state s history: It is non a inquiry of faith, or of credo, or of party ; it is a inquiry of declaring and keeping the great American rule of ageless separation between Church and State. The extent to which [ 220 ] this rule was deemed a presupposition of our Constitutional system is strikingly illustrated by the fact that every State admitted into the Union since 1876 was compelled by Congress to compose into its fundamental law a demand that it keep a scho ol system free from sectarian control. . . . [ 226 ] How does released clip operate in Champaign? Public school instructors distribute to their students cards supplied by church groups, so that the parents may bespeak whether they desire spiritual direction for their kids. For those wanting it, spiritual categories are conducted in the regular schoolrooms of the public schools by instructors of faith paid by the churches and appointed by them, but, as the State tribunal found, subject to the blessing and supervising of the Superintendent. The classs do non profess to give secular direction in topics refering faith. Their blunt intent is sectarian learning. While a kid can travel to any of the spiritual categories offered, a peculiar religious order wishing a instructor for its fans requires the permission of the school overseer who in bend will find whether or non it is practical for said group to learn in said school [ 227 ] system. If no proviso is made for spiritual direction in the peculiar religion of a kid, or if for o ther grounds the kid is non enrolled in any of the offered categories, he is required to go to a regular school category, or a survey period during which he is frequently left to his ain devices. Reports of attending in the spiritual categories are submitted by the spiritual teacher to the school governments, and the kid who fails to go to is presumptively deemed a hooky player. Religious instruction so conducted on school clip and belongings is obviously woven into the on the job strategy of the school. The Champaign agreement therefore presents powerful elements of built-in force per unit area by the school system in the involvement of spiritual religious orders. The fact that this power has non been used to know apart is beside the point. Separation is a demand to abstain from blending maps of Government and of spiritual religious orders, non simply to handle them all every bit. That a kid is offered an option may cut down the restraint ; it does non extinguish the operation of influence by the school in affairs sacred to conscience and outside the school s sphere. The jurisprudence of imitation operates, and nonconformity is non an outstanding feature of kids. The consequence is an obvious force per unit area upon kids to go to. Again, while the Champaign school population represents merely a fraction of the more than two 100 and 50 religious orders of t he state, non even all the practising religious orders in Champaign are willing or able to supply spiritual direction. The kids belonging to these non-participating religious orders will therefore hold inculcated in them a feeling of segregation when the school should be the preparation land for wonts of community, or they will hold spiritual direction in a religion which is non that of [ 228 ] their parents. As a consequence, the public school system of Champaign actively furthers ingraining in the spiritual dogmas of some religions, and in the procedure sharpens the consciousness of spiritual differences at least among some of the kids committed to its attention. These are effects non conformable to statistics. But they are exactly the effects against which the Constitution was directed when it prohibited the Government common to all from going embroiled, nevertheless innocently, in the destructive spiritual struggles of which the history of even this state records some dark pages . . . . [ 231 ] Separation means separation, non something less. Jefferson s metaphor in depicting the relation between Church and State speaks of a wall of separation, non of a all right line easy overstepped. The public school is at one time the symbol of our democracy and the most permeant agencies for advancing our common fate. In no activity of the State is it more critical to maintain out dissentious forces than in its schools, to avoid confusing, non to state fusing, what the Fundamental law sought to maintain purely apart. The great American rule of ageless separation-Elihu Root s phrase bears repetition-is one of the critical trusts of our Constitutional system for guaranting integrities among our people stronger than our diversenesss. It is the Court s responsibility to implement this rule in its full unity. [ 232 ] We renew our strong belief that we have staked the really being of our state on the religion that complete separation between the province and faith is best for the pr ovince and best for faith. Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. at page 59. If nowhere else, in the relation between Church and State, good fencings make good neighbours. Mr. Justice REED, dissenting. . . . [ 240 ] I find it hard to pull out from the [ bulk and agring ] sentiments any decision as to what it is in the Champaign program that is unconstitutional. Is it the usage of school edifices for spiritual direction ; the release of students by the schools for spiritual direction during school hours ; the alleged aid by instructors in passing out the petition cards to students, in maintaining lists of them for release and records of their attending ; or the action of the principals in set uping an chance for the categories and the visual aspect of the Council s teachers? None of the change by reversaling sentiments say whether the intent of the Champaign program for spiritual direction during school hours is unconstitutional or whether it is some ingredient used in or omitted from the expression that makes the program unconstitutional. . . . [ 244 ] The phrase an constitution of faith may hold been intended by Congress to be aimed merely at a province church. When the First Amendment was pending in Congress in well its present signifier, Mr. Madison said, he apprehended the significance of the words to be, that Congress should non set up a faith, and implement the legal observation of it by jurisprudence, nor compel work forces to idolize God in any mode contrary to their scruples. Passing old ages, nevertheless, have brought about credence of a broader significance, although neer until today, I believe, has this Court widened its reading to any such grade as keeping that acknowledgment of the involvement of our state in faith, through the granting, to measure up representatives of the chief religions, of chance to show faith as an optional, extracurricular topic during released school clip in public school edifices, was tantamount to an constitution of faith. A reading of the general statements of high solons of forme r yearss, referred to in the sentiments in this and Everson v. Board of Education, will demo that fortunes such as those in this instance were far from the heads of the writers. The words and spirit of those statements may be wholeheartedly accepted without in the least impugning the judgement of the State of Illinois. [ 245 ] Mr. Jefferson, as one of the laminitiss of the University of Virginia, a school which from its constitution in 1819 has been entirely governed, managed and controlled by the State of Virginia, was faced with the same job that is before this Court today: The inquiry of the constitutional restriction upon spiritual instruction in public schools. In his one-year study as Rector, to the President and Directors of the Literary Fund, dated October 7, 1822, approved by the Visitors of the University of whom Mr. Madison was one, Mr. Jefferson set forth his positions at some length. These suggestions of Mr. Jefferson were [ 246 ] adopted and ch. II, 1, of the Regulations of the University of October 4, 1824, provided that: Should the spiritual religious orders of this State, or any of them, harmonizing to the invitation held out to them, set up within, or next to, the precincts of the University, schools for direction in the faith of their religious order, the pupils of the University will be free, and expected to go to spiritual worship at the constitution of their several religious orders, in the forenoon, and in clip to run into their school in the University at its declared hr. [ 247 ] Therefore, the wall of separation between church and State that Mr. Jefferson built at the University which he founded did non except spiritual instruction from that school. The difference between the generalization of his statements on the separation of church and province and the specificity of his decisions on instruction are considerable. A regulation of jurisprudence should non be drawn from a figure of address. Mr. Madison s Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments relied upon by the dissenting Justices in Everson is non applicable here. Mr. Madison was one of the chief oppositions in the Virginia General Assembly of A Bill Establishing a Provision for Teachers of the Christian Religion. The monies raised by the taxing subdivision of that measure were to be appropriated by the Vestries, Elders, or Directors of each spiritual society, aˆÂ ¦ to a proviso for a Minister or Teacher [ 248 ] of the Gospel of their denomination, or the providing topographic points of Godhead worship, and to none other usage whatsoever aˆÂ ¦ . The conclusive legislative battle over this act took topographic point in the autumn of 1785 before the acceptance of the Bill of Rights. The Remonstrance had been issued before the General Assembly convened and was instrumental in the concluding licking of the act which died in commission. Throughout the Remonstrance, Mr. Madison speaks of the estab lishment sought to be effected by the act. It is clear from its historical scene and its linguistic communication that the Remonstrance was a protest against an attempt by Virginia to back up Christian religious orders by revenue enhancement. Issues similar to those raised by the instant instance were non discussed. Therefore, Mr. Madison s blessing of Mr. Jefferson s study as Rector gives, in my sentiment, a clearer indicant of his positions on the constitutionality of spiritual instruction in public schools than his general statements on a different topic. This Court summarized the amendment s recognized range into the spiritual field, as I understand its range, in Everson v. Board of Education. The Court s sentiment quotes the effect of the Court s logical thinking in Everson. I agree as at that place stated that none of our governmental entities can set up a church. I agree that they can non aid all or any faiths or prefer one over another. But aid must be understood as a purposeful aid straight to the church itself or to some spiritual group or organisation making spiritual work of such a character that it may reasonably be said to be executing ecclesiastical maps. Prefer must give an advantage to one over another. I agree that students can non be released in portion from their legal responsibility of school attending upon status that they attend spiritual categories. But as Illinois has held that it is within the discretion of the School Board to allow absence from school for spiritual instruc- [ 249 ] tion no legal responsi bility of school attending is violated. If the sentence in the first sentiment, refering the students release from legal responsibility, is intended to intend that the Constitution forbids a school to pardon a student from secular control during school hours to go to voluntarily a category in spiritual instruction, whether in or out of school edifices, I disagree. Of class, no revenue enhancement can be levied to back up organisations intended to Teach or pattern faith. I agree excessively that the province can non act upon one toward faith against his will or penalize him for his beliefs. Champaign s spiritual instruction class does none of these things. It seems clear to me that the aid referred to by the Court in the Everson instance could non hold been those incidental advantages that spiritual organic structures, with other groups likewise situated, obtain as a by- merchandise of organized society. This explains the well-known fact that all churches receive aid from authorities in the signifier of freedom from revenue enhancement. The Everson determination itself justified the transit of kids to church schools by New Jersey for safety grounds. . . . [ 253 ] The patterns of the federal authorities offer many illustrations of this [ voluntary and educational ] sort of aid by the province to faith. The Congress of the United States has a chaplain for each House who daily invokes godly approvals and counsel for [ 254 ] the proceedings. The armed forces have commissioned chaplains from early yearss. They conduct the populace services in conformity with the liturgical demands of their several religions, ashore and afloat, using for the purpose belongings belonging to the United States and dedicated to the services of faith. Under the Servicemen s Readjustment Act of 1944, eligible veterans may have preparation at authorities disbursal for the ministry in denominational schools. The schools of the District of Columbia have opening exercisings which include a reading from the Bible without note or remark, and the Lord s supplication. In the United States Naval Academy and the United States Military Academy, schools entirely supported and wholly controlled by the federal authorities, there are a figure of spiritual activities. Chaplains are attached to both schools. Attendance at church services on Sunday is compulsory at both Military and Naval Academies. At West Point the Protestant services are [ 255 ] held in the Cadet Chapel, the Catholic in the Catholic Chapel, and the Judaic in the Old Cadet Chapel ; at Annapolis merely Protestant services are held on the reserve, midshipmen of other spiritual persuasions attend the churches of the metropolis of Annapolis. These facts indicate that both schools since their earliest beginnings have maintained and enforced a form of engagement in formal worship. With the general statements in the sentiments refering the constitutional demand that the state and the provinces, by virtuousness of the First and Fourteenth Amendments, may make no jurisprudence esteeming an constitution of faith, I am in understanding. But, in the visible radiation of the significance given to those words by the case in points, imposts, and patterns which I have detailed above, I can non hold with the Court s decision that when students compelled by jurisprudence to travel to school for secular instruction are released from school so as to go to the spiritual categories, churches are unconstitutionally aided. Whatever may be the wisdom of the agreement as to the usage of the school edifices made with The Champaign Council of Religious Education, it is clear to me that past pattern shows such cooperation between the schools and a non-ecclesiastical organic structure is non fo

The Negative Side of Use from CIBC Bank on Social Media Research Paper

The Negative Side of Use from CIBC Bank on Social Media - Research Paper Example    Apparently, the continuously changing business environment and customer needs for a more convenient banking system have altogether motivated CIBC to inculcate social media as a key innovation in its customer services network. Use of Social Media by CBIC In its recent endeavors, CIBC has been rendering a varied range of banking services to its customers using social media in multiple linguistic forms, such as conveying its messages both in English and in French to the Twitter accounts. This, in turn, helped the organization in eradicating the barriers of cultural conflicts or segregation in delivering equal care to its customers in a global context. It is worth mentioning in this context that with the rapid changes taking place in the technology sector worldwide, the need for carrying the business through the social media has become very important for CBIC in achieving its goal of international competency. Subsequently, CIBC uses the most preferred social media in the worldwide c ontext, such as Facebook and Twitter, with the intention to advertise its new offers directly communicating with the targeted customers and also with the aim to deliver online services more effectively and in an informed manner (CIBC Mellon, 2013). In precise, CIBC opted for the inclusion of social media in its customer service network, with an intention to learn about the varied needs of the customers and also to attract a new range of customers towards its technology aided services. Strategically, the main aim of using the social media by CIBC is to preserve its efficiency in customer relationship management with the aid of direct-to-customer approach. The effectiveness of using social media by CBIC A critical examination of the organizational performance reveals that the social media was much effective for CBIC in the initial stages of its implementation. The strategy helped CBIC to attract a new range of customers and stay connected with the customers in the global platform, irr espective of the persisting cultural differences. However, after some years, there was a major problem observed in its usage, which indicated towards the inefficiency of the organization in continuously updating and managing its developmental strategies (Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, n.d). To be illustrated as a case example, the bank had engaged many Twitter and Facebook accounts with the purpose of delivering different services to its wide-ranging customer groups. However, owing to the managerial limitations of the bank, an involvement of many Twitter and Facebook accounts created confusion among the customers in availing the services of the bank as information sources became vibrant and multiple. Additionally, customers were also facing the huge problem in the searching the appropriate social media page on its website for availing the intended banking service owing to the deficiency of the bank to manage the technology resources efficiently. In order to mitigate such obstac les in customer service deliverance, the bank adopted the policy of greeting its online customers through Wikipedia.  Ã‚  

Design project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Design project - Assignment Example In order to design an effective mini air compressor, the pumping capacity must be considered in advance. The designed mini air compressor must also be cost effective, portable, lightweight, easy to operate, and safe for use. A mini air compressor is a small device that can be used easily and moved from one place to another with ease. According to the requirements of a mini air compressor, it should be lightweight. A mini air compressor is small in size and making it light weight enhances its portability too. The compressed air is also expected to be released at a higher speed. As a result, the air requires adequate compression so that it is released at the intended speed. The time required to use the mini air compression is also shorter because it is used in filling air gadgets that requires low quantities of air, for instance, a flat tyre, air mattresses, and beach balls among others (Jacobs 2010). One needs to understand the pressure that is required to be generated by the air compressor. One measures the pressure within one of the car tires using the air pressure gauge stored within the car’s glovebox. The value you acquire from the gauge is 29psi. Convert it to a more convenient unit for pressure measurements as follows: A mini air compressor does not require any specialized skills to use. When designing the gadget, simple and easy to understand technology must be used to ensure it is easy to operate. The designed product must also be safe to use because safety of users is a basic quality assurance requirements. A sizeable gadget is also advisable because it should be portable and its cost needs to be reasonable and affordable. Designing a small gadget will require slightly small amounts of funds to implement. This translates to reasonable costs of the material (Jacobs 2010). Designing a gadget like a mini air compressor applies high-tech knowledge. However,

How Can We Fix K-12 Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How Can We Fix K-12 Education - Essay Example Darwinian evolution advocates for evolution of current creatures from simple organisms million of years ago. Scholars argue that, teaching of creationism discourages students from applying scientific knowledge learned in class. Furthermore, the students are unable to conduct experiments, come up with logical results and make conclusions on experiments (National Academy Press 17). Another challenge is the inability to embrace new technology. This denies the system the ability to use new ideas effectively. This problem is caused by failure to recruit and retain qualified teachers (National Academy Press 21). Another challenge is legitimizing K-12 education. Regardless of the effort by environmentalists on the importance of K-12 education as means of conserving the environment, the government has not legitimized K-12 education or made it part of the curricula within public schools. The government has failed to adhere to warnings that make learning convenient and effective. Lastly, the system does not get any funding from the government leading to seclusion of public schools from K-12 education. It is regrettable that only children from affluent families can learn using K-12 education system (National Academy Press 57). Despite all the challenges experienced by K-12 education system, scholars argue that there are some positive efforts. Consequently, K-12 education should be accessible to students. The concerned stakeholders should train and recruit qualified teachers. Tutoring program found at Haas Center for Public Service, Stanford Teacher Education Program and the Teach for America program should be used for training any members that would like to learn more about K-12 education system (National Academy Press 69). K-12 education system should have specific teachers who can be able to guide students on-line as they learn. Teachers who are responsible for K-12 education

Comparison of War on Terror with the Cold War

Comparison of War on Terror with the Cold War Does the ‘Global War on Terror’ inaugurated by George W. Bush have similarities to the Cold War? Since 2001, academics and the United States administration have continuously compared the war against terrorism to the Cold War. The confrontations that the United States and its allies experienced during the war against communism in the Cold War and, more recently, the War on Terror arguably share significant similarities. Although there is significant debate across academia, some argue that Terrorism is the new Communism which similarly seeks to challenge and overthrow Western ideas and the whole structure of the liberal democratic world order. Others, among them revisionist historians, Claim that the main similarity between the Cold War and the War on Terror is the desire of the US to benefit from conflict, capitalise and secure other countries in its economic structures for own benefit. However, even though these are significant arguments, there has been a significant rise of discourse that seeks to separate the War on Terror from other conflicts, including the Cold War, stating that it is a new kind of war which symbolises a profound social transformation in the contemporary globalised world. For the purpose of this essay I summarise the nature of the War on Terror and its prevalent similarities to the Cold War. After that I present arguments stating that the War on Terror is in fact significantly different. After 9/11 the Bush administration urged the national policy to strengthen the core need to focus on a stronger homeland defence. The Department of Homeland Security was established as a movement toward centralisation of security at a national level. The 2002 National Security Strategy (NSS) relied on force and action to uphold international standards, unlike the previous years where leadership through co-operation was emphasised instead. Arguably that was the case because of the change of the nature of threat that was exerted on the US. Before the War on Terror the threat was to American values, whereas now the threat was a lot more serious, questioning survival. In the 1990’s the United States were involved in peace and humanitarian operations, supporting and extending American values worldwide. 2001, however, symbolised a shift in world order which directly threatened not just the United States but also its allies in Europe and elsewhere (Vrooman, 2004: 82). The United States were faced with a new type of war: a war without an easily identifiable enemy, which was not tied to a nation-state as we would traditionally expect (NSS, 2002: 5). This posed a number of problems with deterrence: The impossibility of destroying an enemy in a single manoeuvre, difficulty of identifying the enemy, and possibility of a costly counter-attack by the enemy. Terrorist groups were thought to have the ability, with the help of modern technology, to communicate while staying in the shadow, coordinating strategies and tactics. This allowed them to be highly decentralised and elusive while at the same time have the ability to act simultaneously for greater effect. The attackers were further seen to be mobilised by a common ideational standpoint: fanatical militarism legitimised through interpretation of religious texts in a certain way. This posed a serious problem as the attackers could not be negotiated with and shared little of the ideas the ‘westâ₠¬â„¢ and America had (Vrooman, 2004: 83). What we can deduct from this is that the War on Terror now had a more direct dimension, posing physical threat to the United States while at the same time being strongly ideological in nature, showing a confrontation of civilizational ideas (Stokes, 2003: 571). It also meant that, because the attackers could not be intimidated or discouraged by the cost that their attacks would incur upon themselves, that the potential magnitude of terrorist attacks was unprecedented and had to be dealt with similarly unprecedented force. While the War on Terror has become a primary focus of the United States in the aftermath of 9/11, 2001, with the Bush doctrine, it was largely carried out as continuation of exiting struggles that the U.S. faced in the middle-east during the Cold War, particularly during Reagan’s presidency in the 1980’s. The Reagan’s administration, during that time, was also expected of reacting quickly and as a result drafted many concepts, that were later used in the Bush doctrine, such as identifying terrorism as a form of warfare and not crime, or fighting regimes that could be seen as sponsors of terror rather than inter-state or transnational organisations (Toaldo, 2012: 3, Tirman, 2006: 3). Elements of the War on Terror, including fatal terrorist strikes, were present during the Cold War. Therefore, we can expect that the experience gained by the U.S. government during the Cold War would reciprocate into the post-2001 War on Terror (Smart, 2005). The desire to be influential, rather than coercive through hard power, was seen as the main weakness that led to the increase of terrorist threat. In the late half of the 1980’s the secretary of state, George Shultz would actively advocate for a more aggressive stance, focusing on Libya in 1986. Scandals during the time made office officials leaning towards isolationism less inclined to act in this new manner. These ideas, however, would inspire the Bush administration in 2001 (Toaldo, 2012: 5), revolving around maintaining a physical presence of military might: â€Å"To be safe, the US must be strong, with strength measured by readily available military might. Yet merely possessing military power does not suffice. Since perceptions shape reality, the US must leave others in no doubt as to its willingness to use power. Passivity invites aggression. Activism, if successful, enhances credibility† (A. Bacevich, 2011). The US administration was interested in maintaining a foothold in the middle-east throughout the entire cold-war period, and the emphasis of the Bush doctrine on its importance is nothing new. The middle-east was an area of confrontation between the two superpowers of the time – The USSR and USA. The US identified the nations in the region as either violent radicals or moderate reformists, with the latter being their allies. Interestingly, the distinction originally used to categorize between areas of US and Soviet influence, saw a revival after 9/11, but this time with terrorists taking the place of the soviets. The philosophy of â€Å"with us or against us† that was so prominent during the Cold War remained a crucial factor affecting US involvement and foreign policy in the region (Harling and Malley, 2010). What is fundamentally different with the new War on Terror, from the acts of terror that happened during the Cold War, is that it was no longer seen within the limits of being a tool in the Global Cold War, but an enemy in itself, since the threat of terrorism did not go away with USSR. The US was once again motivated to take action as soon as it saw a threat to the primacy of American ideals and its status as an absolute superpower (Toaldo, 2012: 23). The War on Terror continues the legacy that was conceived with the Cold War as there are: â€Å"affinities between terrorism and totalitarianism: both regard violence as an appropriate means to their political ends†¦ Both reject the basic moral principles of Judeo-Christian civilization†(Jeanne Kirkpatrick in Toaldo, 2012: 24). Indeed, for the US, similarly to Middle-Eastern terrorists the ‘oriental’ Russian mind was viewed to do nothing more than pretend to be civilized and use this false image to work discret ely in achieving its own ‘barbaric’ ends (Kennan, in Hutchings and Miazhevich, 2009: 4). Larry Diamond (2002) categorizes terrorist groups that pose a threat to the US as the ‘new Bolsheviks’ due to their struggle against the same elements of leading capitalist nations that the ‘old Bolsheviks’ struggled against: corrupt, exploitative alliances and imperialism supported by the ‘West’ with US in charge. This logic is prevalent among large sections of the Muslim world, outside of terrorist groups, that was spared the benefits of post-Cold War world order led by US, because of corruption. Terrorist attack on the World Trade Center can therefore be seen as a symbol of a revolution, similar to that which happened in Russia in 1917: â€Å"Like Hitler, Lenin and other charismatic demagogues before him (ideological enemies of the US), Osama bin Laden offers and alluring explanation: It is the fault of Jews, of the international capitalist system, and of the United States and the globalizing order it is imposing† (Diamond, 2002: 2). As the War on Terror developed, some academics went as far as to see its development a representation of a new Cold War, between post-Yeltsin Russia and the US-led ‘West’. Russia was blamed for its involvement in Afghanistan which resulted in formation of Al Qaeda, and the ‘West’, primarily the US, was blamed for providing the conditions necessary for terrorism to flourish through its intervention in Iraq and desire to form and maintain a form of imperialistic hegemony. In this case, terrorism, even though not under control of any of the sides, can be seen to function as a source of continuing competition and friction between the US and post-soviet Russia. (Hutchings and Miazhevich, 2009: 2). The ‘us versus them’, shows that during the Cold War and after it with the War on Terror, there is a continuity of an ideological confrontation based on competing ideas. Some writers (revisionist historians such Chomsky, Gaddis, Stokes, J. and G. Kolko), took that further, to argue that behind the ideological confrontations which were, and still are so obvious, is hidden the true purpose of the perpetuating conflict of the US with the rest of the ‘non-Western’ world. They see the confrontation as being in place to justify broader geoeconomic interests of US capital. They argue that all along it was â€Å"not the containment of communism, but rather more directly the extension and expansion of American capitalism, according to its new economic power and needs† (Kolko J., and G., 1972: 23). Therefore, we can see the Cold War as structural feature of a much longer period of exploitative relations between advanced capitalist economies and less developed, poorer nations. In order for the US economy to progress after the end of the Cold War confrontation between USSR and US and not stagnate, it had to find another front for its military-industrial complex which generated significant revenue and economic growth for the US. Massive military spending was once again justified when the War on Terror was brought to the table. Between the Cold War and the War on Terror there was a confrontation with Latin American countries which symbolized the continuity of economic interests as guiding foreign policy of the US. Latin America, being rich in natural resources, saw great amounts of US influence which ensured control over the area, preventing egalitarian socioeconomic reform that could potentially threaten US interests (Stokes, 2003). Us involvement in regional governments can be seen with the case of Colombia in the context of the Drug War in 2000 (Stokes, 2003: 577). Arguably we can see that ideology was not the only common theme present in the Cold War and the War on Terror, but there was also a geoeconomic rationale that was guiding US foreign policy from within in both wars. The US was not only interested in promoting democracy, but also in constructing a capitalist world order conductive to its interests (Chomsky, 1997). War on Terror also poses some new challenges to US Foreign Policy, and it is a weakness to discuss it simply from the premise of ideological confrontation and structural, geoeconomic standpoint without giving the necessary attention to its unique nature. Indeed, some scholars do not find the link between US foreign policy during the Cold War and War on Terror convincing. The War on Terror can also be seen resulting from a completely new development in social conditions connected with globalization due to a bridge between Industrial and Information Age. Therefore the war is no longer about ideas or the economy, but against competing global structures symbolized within terrorism. Al Qaeda has become a brand resembling the corruption of Western ideas. Modern Western society now has terrorist networks within its borders with many young terrorists born within its countries fighting against it through symbols of Islam. This is, perhaps, a very important distinction between the Cold War, wh ich was fought between two distinctive camps, and the War on Terror. US foreign policy makers understand this, as globalization and its impacts are discussed within National Security Strategy (Smart, 2005: 3). What is important however is that the American policy-makers still fail to understand the fact that terrorist groups are often not acting as a single organization within a centralized or decentralized structure, they act independently from each other. In Hardt and Negris Empire (2000), the multitude (or people of the modern proletariat) struggle against capitalism independently yet, at the same time, as a group. They do not communicate or organize, but pursue own small goals against the capitalist ‘empire’ system which add on to a greater picture and together represent a greater struggle. What is profoundly different about the War on Terror from the Cold War is that it pioneered this very same principle within terrorism: of many independent actors forming a greater struggle against a system (in this case the Western civilization) through their independent and autonomous actions. Similarities can, without doubt, be seen in US foreign policy during the Cold War and the War on Terror. However these similarities are present even between the two wars, suggesting a pattern for US approach to foreign policy. Ideological, civilizational struggle, going as far as to claim it is still against Russia and America, can be used to describe the stance of US foreign policy in both conflicts just as well as structural economic and internal factors. However, reducing to these two points does not allow us to explain why the US has seen relatively low success in its fight against terrorism. It is a failure to identify the War on Terror in the same way the Cold War has been identified, since the first is fought on a new, rather obscure battleground that we do not yet fully understand against a highly decentralized enemy which is not embodied in any physical representative and works from within modern liberal society, against it. No matter how many similarities there are between the Cold War and the War on Terror, the US cannot fall into a trap of dealing with Terror the same way as it dealt with Communism as this is likely to never remove it, if not make it an even more significant threat. Bibliography: Bacevich, A. (2011), ‘Secretary of Self-Defence‘, Financial Times, 13 February. Chomsky, N. (1997), â€Å"The Political-Economic Order†. In: World Orders, Old and New. Pluto Press: London. Diamond, L. (2002), â€Å"Winning the New Cold War on Terrorism: The Democratic-Governance Imperative†, Institute for Global Democracy, Policy Paper No. 1. Hardt, M. and Negri, A. (2000), Empire. Harvard University Press: USA. The White House (2002), The National Security Strategy of the United States of America. Hutchings, S. and Miazhevich, G. (2009), â€Å"The Polonium trail to Islam: Litvinenko, Liminality, and Television’s (Cold) War on Terror†, Critical Studies on Terrorism, vol. 2 (2). University of Manchester: UK. Kolko, J. and G. (1972), The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945–1954. Harper and Row: New York. Malley, R. and Harling P. (2010), â€Å"Beyond Moderates and Militants: How Obama Can Chart a New Course in the Middle East†, Foreign affairs, September/October. Smart, C. (2005), â€Å"The Global War on Terror: Mistaking Ideology as the Center of Gravity†, Center for Strategic Leadership (CSL), Vol. 8 (5). Stokes, D. (2003), â€Å"Why the end of the Cold War doesn’t matter: the US war of terror in Colombia†, Review of International Studies, vol. 29, pp. 569-585. The White House (2002), The National Security Strategy of the United States Of America. Tirman, J. (2006), â€Å"The War on Terror and the Cold War: They’re Not the Same†, The Audit of Conventional Wisdom, vol. 6 (6). Center for International Studies, MIT: MA. Toaldo, M. (2012), â€Å"The War on Terror and Its Cold War Burdens: An Assessment of the Reagan Legacy†, Wednesday Panel Sessions, June 20th, British International Studies Association. Vrooman, S. (2004), Homeland Security Strategy from the Cold War into the Global War on Terrorism: An Analysis of Deterrence, Forward Presence, and Homeland Defense. U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.