Conclusions - concentration affecting lipase Essays - Free Essays

Conclusions - concentration affecting lipase Essays - Free Essays Conclusions - concentration affecting lipase It is clear from the graphs, tables and statistical processes carried out that generally, increasing the volume of lipase increases the change in pH of the solution and also the rate of change of the pH of the solution. This has been proved by the increasing values of standard deviation for higher volumes of lipase, the generally larger maximum change in pH for the higher volumes of lipase and also by the shape and gradients of the graphs drawn. Although there have been anomalies, having used the t-test it can be seen that it is far more likely that the results are not down to chance, but due to the differences between the volumes of lipase being compared. The only differences between each volume of lipase are the number of enzymes and therefore active sites present in the solution. The reason for higher volumes of lipase decreasing the pH more quickly and by a larger amount can be explained by the number of enzymes present and the hydrolysis reaction taking place between the lipids present in the full fat milk. Lipase oxidises triglycerides, using three molecules of water to break the 3 ester bonds and to produce a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids. Lipids, because of their hydrophobic fatty acid tails do not dissolve in water, and so during fat digestion in the human body, these lipids must first be emulsified by bile salts such as sodium glycocholate and sodium taurocholate. The release of bile into the duodenum is stimulated by the hormone CCK. For human digestion, the bile salts break down the fat droplets present in the lumen of the small intestine into tiny globules helping them to disperse into the watery fluids in the intestine. The lipase enzyme however is made of a globular protein, and because of the hydrophilic R' groups on the outside of its structure the enzyme can dissolve in water. In my experiment, the volume of bile salts and full fat milk remained constant, so the amount to which the globules of fat present in the full fat milk were emulsified should have remained t he same for each volume of lipase. The bile salts should have enabled the lipase enzymes to act on more lipids present in the solution. As can be seen with some volumes of lipase, the pH first rose before it started to steadily fall, this may have been related to the fact that the bile salts were still emulsifying the fats. If the globules of fat were large, then their surface area available to the active site of the lipase enzymes would have been much smaller and so the rate of the reaction would have proceeded at a much slower rate. The fact that the bile salts also contains hydrogen carbonate ions can also explain why the pH after one minute was relatively alkali, approximately varying between 7.30 - 9.73. The optimum pH for the lipase acting in the duodenum of the small intestine is approximately 7.00, so theoretically, the 5.00ml3 of lipase should have been at a slight disadvantage despite the fact that it actually produced the fastest rate of change of pH for experiment 2. Following the emulsification of the lipids present in the full fat milk, the lipase would have then collided with the tiny globules of fat, forming enzyme-substrate complexes. The lipase would have then broken the 3 ester bond holding the triglyceride together in a hydrolysis reaction requiring three molecules of water. In the human body, the products of this reaction would most likely be converted to other things or stored in adipose tissue, rather than accumulating and creating an acidic environment. In the liver, the fatty acids can be converted to acetyl coenzyme A, which can then be fed into the Krebs cycle, while the glycogen can be phosphorylated to triose phosphate, an intermediate in glycolysis. Clearly in the test tube no such processes would be happening as there are no hepatocytes present in the solution and no respiring organisms (provided the test tube was sterile). The fatty acids and glycerol would have therefore accumulated in the test tube. Glycerol is an alcohol and looking at its material safety data

9 Marvelous Things to Do on Spring Break

9 Marvelous Things to Do on Spring Break Spring is coming, and this means that you will have some spare time to spend with your friends, family or on your own. If the thoughts about your upcoming spring break dont urge a dreamy smile on your face, then you probably need to read our article about the best places to visit and the best things to do on your spring break. We promise that our ideas will make you more enthusiastic about this period of your school year. Lets get straight to business and look at some fun things to do on spring break. What to Do on Spring Break with Your Family Many students go home for a spring break. Its a perfect occasion to gather and have fun with your beloved ones. Here are a few activities for family time: 1. Go on a trip Going on a trip is an excellent idea for a family vacation. You can choose where to go according to the type of pastime you prefer: Theme parks – with rides, clubs, attractions, and games. This type of parks provide activities for different age groups so every family member will find an exciting occupation there. Adventure parks – for those who love active sports. Rope climbing, zip line adventures or skiing – what do you prefer? Choose the best experience for you and your family. Natural wonders – Grand Canyon, Niagara Falls or Arches Natural Park. The beauty of nature is healing for your stressed mind. A boat trip – spend a few days on board and relax admiring the waves. 2. Attend a baseball game Its the beginning of a new game season, dont miss a chance! Hot dogs, friendly atmosphere, and favorite teams are perfect components of the great family day. 3. Open a barbecue season If the weather is fine, take advantage of it, and gather with your family for a barbecue. Make your backyard a place of fun and tasty grilled meal. Family activities like baseball, tennis and board games will help you to spend time with fun and joy. What to Do on Spring Break with Your Friends If you decided to spend this time with your friends, you know for sure you wont get bored. Take a look at some of the most interesting and exciting activities for a group of friends on spring break. Here are three things to do on spring break for college students. 1. Have a beach party Beach parties are trendy among students. Sea, sand, drinks, music, and tasty snacks are a perfect combination. Invite your college mates to shop for some must-haves: disposable tableware, punch ingredients, balls for beach volleyball, and sunscreen. 2. Set off on a road trip A road trip around the country is a classic activity to have during school breaks. You can go hitchhiking, but taking your car or your friend’s car will be safer and more comfortable. Pick the places you want to visit, create your route on a map and start your adventure. 3. Visit a party spot Even though Cancun, Jamaica, Las Vegas or Miami are pricey, they attract thousands of students from different places for a spring break vacations. With parties until dawn and lots of places for a shopping spree, these are the perfect places to spend your spring break with your friends. Check out other ideas for fun activities for you and your friends. What to Do on Spring Break by Yourself If you dont want to spend this time with anyone else or the circumstances make you so, we have some exciting ideas for you too. 1. Watch Netflix and chill You probably had a very intensive semester with lots of assignments and deadlines. Relax and have some healing time for your body and your soul. Watching TV, eating tasty food and going for a walk will make you feel like a whole new person with lots of energy to start your new semester. There are some excellent TV shows about college life that you will find entertaining and fun to watch. 2. Take some time for spring cleaning Not everyone likes to make a cleaning session at home. However, it can be fun and kind of relaxing activity. Take your time and start slowly. By cleaning the mess around, you can clear your mind and get rid of disturbing thoughts. Fresh clothes and shiny mirrors will positively affect your mood. 3. Volunteer Sometimes we forget about people who are in need of our help and sympathy. You can dedicate your spare time to making someones life a little better. Visit shelters and local churches to find out more about the ways you can help. Or maybe there is a senior who lives next to you? You can make your contribution with small deeds – helping with groceries or cleaning. By helping others, you can help yourself to distract from anxious thoughts and stressful studying semester. So, these were 9 things to do for spring break at home or with your friends. Hope, you will find our ideas useful. Have a good time!