The Criminal Justice System For Crime Control And Due Process

The American criminal justice systems have over time faced the need of a justice scheme that incorporated both the crime control and due process. There have been constant debates regarding the superiority of each model. The crime control system is based on curbing criminal activities by focusing mainly on the victim of the crime rather than the rights of the accused criminal. This meant that as long as one claimed breach of rights by another the system would push to punish accused without considering the position that may have occasioned the loss or injury suffered by the victim of the offence. The due process focuses on following the law, and its prerequisite procedures are determining criminal offences and their sentences. This indicates that both victim and accused are given humble time to be heard before the foreclosure of any case. In this Document, I intend to discuss extensively the gaps in the criminal Justice system in relation to crime control and due process, including the ir effects. In addition, this paper will provide the role of evidence in comparison to traditional incarcerations and the modern day values in line with the legal perspective of the justice system. The objective of the criminal justice system should bank on due process rather than crime control. Due process is the means of administering protection of individual rights of criminals in court. The 6th amendment provides that, every criminal has the right to a fair trial with no guilty presumptionShow MoreRelatedDue Process Model versus Crime Control Model Essay834 Words   |  4 PagesThere are two distinct types of models that are found in the English criminal justice system. These are the crime control model and the due process model. They vary in their characteristics and are considered to take divergent objectives. Basing on their evident differences, one of them is actually considered being more effective than the other if the new wave and rate of crime being witnessed in the soc iety is anything to go by. This paper therefore seeks to identify some of the differences betweenRead MoreCrime Control Model And The Due Process Model1327 Words   |  6 Pagesthe criminal process. The two model of the criminal process are the crime control model and the due process model. Both of these models are bring used in the criminal justice system. The two models give understanding to the values of the criminal law with that in mind these two modes are not absolute. Herbert Packer articulates the values of the criminal justice process between due process which is emphasis on the right of an individual and crime control model sees the regulation of criminal conductRead MoreCrime Control Model And The Due Process Model903 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican Criminal Justice System The criminal judicial system in America has two main models, the crime control model and the due process model. There has been several debates on which model is the most effective in combating crime in America. Crime control model emphasizes on crime reduction by increasing prosecution powers (Hung-En, 2006). On the other hand, the due process model of crime control aims at increasing the people’s rights and liberty and limiting governmental powers. Unlike the due processRead MoreCriminal Justice Is A Complex System1114 Words   |  5 PagesCriminal justice is a complex system that requires a method to fully understand the many facets involved. Herbert L. Packer, Stanford University of Law Professor, published two key documents, an article Two Models of the Criminal Process and a book titled The Limits of Criminal Sanction which presented two models of the criminal justice system; the crime control model and the due process model. Packer s objective was to present two very diverse methods to understand and process the workingsRead MoreThe Limits Of The Criminal Sanction Written By The Criminologist Scholar Herbert Packer Essay1619 Words   |  7 Pages The crim inal justice system is finding ways and doing their absolute best to prevent crime and protect their citizens. Preventing crime is not an easy job, the system prevents crime by using their powers to arrest, prosecute, and sentences criminals to prison. Citizens need to feel safe in their environment that they are living in. However, since we are living in a constitutional and democratic society, where citizen rights need to be protected and have due process where people can be innocentRead MoreCriminal Procedure Policy Paper896 Words   |  4 PagesCriminal Procedure Policy James Knight CJA/364 October 17, 2012 David Klein * * Criminal Procedure Policy * The criminal procedure policy is initiated with a crime committed by a perpetrator. This process for the criminal can end at any of the various steps of the criminal process. As a criminal is process the individual has rights that are provided by the United States Constitution to ensure fairness and justice. The two major procedural models that shape the criminalRead MoreThe Consensus, Crime Control, and Due Process Models Essay1630 Words   |  7 PagesThe criminal justice system consists of models and theories that often contradict one another. Of these models are the crime control model, the due process, model, the consensus model and the conflict model. In this paper these models are evaluated and defined, as well as each entity in the criminal justice systems role within each model. Policing, corrections and the court system all subscribe to each model in some way and in a hurried manner in cases that dictate such a response. As describedRead MoreCriminal Procedure Essay141 9 Words   |  6 PagesThe due process and crime control models, both created by Stanford University law professor Herbert Packer, represents two opposing method of principles functioning within criminal justice system. Although the models describe the important facets of the politics and practice of criminal justice, both have been criticized since presented by Packer in 1964. Presently both models are acknowledged as imperfect standards to explain the politics and law of criminal justice. The crime control ideal representsRead MoreThree Components Of The Criminal Justice System950 Words   |  4 Pagescomponents of the American criminal justice system are the police, courts, and corrections. These components operate independently of one another and maintain different goals, histories, and operating procedures (Neubauer Fradella, 2017). There are two commonly accepted models of the criminal justice system, the crime control model and due process model. These two models vary at the basic level, the crime control model aims to protect society at all costs while the due process model protects the rightsRead MoreDue Process1391 Words   |  6 PagesDue Process And Crime Control Models Criminology Essay ukessays.com /essays/criminology/due-process-and-crime-control-models-criminology-essay.php Due Process The basis of the due process model is formal structure. When used correctly, the due process model protects the rights of suspects accused of various crimes. The due process model reduces many errors that occur during the investigation, arrest, evidence gathering, and trial. Due process does not support much of the evidence that is used

The Yellow Wallpaper The Story that Changed How Women and...

â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, is a story that surrounds many different topics. The narrator is living in a time period where women were looked down upon and mental illnesses were misunderstood. The narrator of the story suffers from post-partum depression and is recording her journey in a journal. Her husband, the typical man at the time, put her on â€Å"the rest cure,† as he believed that mental illnesses should be treated like physical illnesses. He brings her to a house far away from other people and makes her stay in the nursery. The nursery had shabby yellow wallpaper which sickened her, but intrigued her at the same time. The rest cure was basically confinement, both physically and mentally. She was deprived of†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Since the protagonist is suffering a mental breakdown, she is also considered an unreliable narrator because the reader cannot be certain if she is accurately relating the events of the stor y,† (Wilson 7). The narrator is portraying a woman who is looked down upon because of her mental illness, but women at the time were often seen as childish or too emotional. â€Å"Then he took me in his arms called me a blessed little goose,† (Gilman 5). The narrator’s husband, John, treats her almost like a father would treat a daughter. The narrator is belittled because of her inability to act like women at the time were expected to. â€Å"Victorian values stressed that women were to behave demurely and remain with in the domestic sphere,† (Wilson 6). During the 19th century, women were expected to simply care for the children and clean the house. Most of the time, women who aspired to do more than that were not considered respectable wives. â€Å"Because the narrator is completely dependent on her husband and is allowed no other role than to be a wife and a mother, she represents the secondary status of women during the 19th century,† (Wilson 5). John, the narrator’s controlling, but loving, husband represents the atypical man of the time. He wants his wife to get better and to be able to fill the role of the perfect wife that society expected from her. John, being a doctor, did not quite believe that her mental illness was out of her control and insisted onShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1269 Words   |  6 PagesFebruary 2017 Analysis of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† Life during the 1800s for a woman was rather distressing. Society had essentially designated them the role of being a housekeeper and bearing children. They had little to no voice on how they lived their daily lives. Men decided everything for them. To clash with society s conventional views is a challenging thing to do; however, Charlotte Perkins Gilman does an excellent job fighting that battle by writing â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† one of the most captivatingRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Yellow Wallpaper1915 Words   |  8 PagesWhen â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is viewed within the scopes of New Historical, Feminist, Psychoanalytical, Ethical and Reader response criticisms, the reader should first be imparted with the understanding of who Charlotte Perkins Gilman was, what she stood for, the time period in which the story was written, and how aspects of her cultural and historical background related to it. Second, how the circumstances imposed upon womenâ€℠¢s freedom of thought. Third, the reader shall ascertain how Freud’s PsychoanalyticalRead More Male View of Hysteria Presented in The Yellow Wallpaper3352 Words   |  14 PagesMale View of Hysteria Presented in The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charlotte Perkins Gilmans short story The Yellow Wallpaper has been viewed as either a work of supernatural horror or as a feminist treatise regarding the role of women in society. A close analysis of Gilmans use of symbols reveals The Yellow Wallpaper as her response to the male view of hysteria from ancient times through the nineteenth century. In The Yellow Wallpaper Gilman questions the validity of HippocratessRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s `` Young Goodman Brown `` And `` The Yellow Wallpaper ``2005 Words   |  9 Pagesillustrating their intent for a change in their respective eras and cultures. In three particular short stories, namely Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, â€Å"A New England Nun† by Mary E. Wilkins Freeman, and lastly Charlotte Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, each individual author speaks out against the established norms of their time in search for moral change. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, he addresses the value of the intense religious culture of that early AmericanRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Perkins Gilman And The Orphanage2169 Words   |  9 PagesThe Yellow Wallpaper, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and The Orphanage, directed by J.A Bayona, are both female driven stories, and due to a lack of dominant female roles in books and television, these pieces make statements on our society. The 19th century had very few female rights and very strict gender roles. A time when most women were thought to have some form of mental illness, and due to a lack of medical knowledge were vastly mistreated. The lapse in medicinal science, in combination with extremelyRead MorePsychiatric Treatment: Mental Disorders, Schizophrenia, and The Yellow Paper2081 Words   |  9 PagesThere are several people every year that are diagnosed with a mental disorder. In the world’s entire populati on, more than one percent of people have been diagnosed with schizophrenia (Brain and Behavior Research Foundation). When thinking of the billions of people in the world, it might not seem like that many people but once the number of those diagnosed is calculated it seems much larger. Currently there are more than seventy million people in the world that have been diagnosed with schizophreniaRead More Moving Beyond Motherhood in The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman4029 Words   |  17 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since its original publication in The New England Magazine in May 1892 and its subsequent resurrection by modern feminists in the l970s, Charlotte Perkins Gilmans novella, The Yellow Wallpaper has gone through varied interpretations. When it was originally written, The Yellow Wallpaper was considered a tale of horror, so horrible in fact, that one editor, Horace Scudder of the Atlantic Monthly, refused the work because he did not want to make others as miserable as he was when heRead MoreBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 Pagesfocus on margins and efficient use of space. Suppliers, particularly those in the third or fourth market-share position with only modest loyalty levels, are exposed to harsh pressure to provide price concessions. A decade ago, private-label brands were largely limited to low-quality, low-price products unsupported by effective packaging or marketing. Given these characteristics, they enjoyed only temporary sales spurts during recessionary times. No more. While still offering so-called price brandsRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesAirlines CASE STUDY II-3 Norfolk Southern Railway: The Business Intelligence Journey CASE STUDY II-4 Mining Data to Increase State Tax Revenues in California CASE STUDY II-5 The Cliptomaniaâ„ ¢ Web Store: An E-Tailing Start-up Survival Story CASE STUDY II-6 Rock Island Chocolate Company, Inc.: Building a Social Networking Strategy CASE STUDY III-1 Managing a Systems Development Project at Consumer and Industrial Products, Inc. CASE STUDY III-2 A Make-or-Buy Decision

Cotton Textile Industries in India - 1484 Words

INTRODUCTION The Textile Industry occupies a vital place in the Indian economy and contributes substantially to its exports earnings. Textiles exports represent nearly 30 per cent of the countrys total exports. It has a high weight age of over 20 per cent in the National production. It provides direct employment to over 15 million persons in the mill, powerloom and handloom sectors. India is the world’s second largest producer of textiles after China. It is the world’s third largest producer of cotton-after China and the USA-and the second largest cotton consumer after China. The textile industry in India is one of the oldest manufacturing sectors in the country and is currently it’s largest1. The Textile industry occupies an important†¦show more content†¦Textiles production increased 10 per cent over 2004. The growth was fuelled by a 22 per cent rise in production of other textiles (including apparels). Cotton textile also posted an increase of nine per cent. Textile Trend India is the world’s second largest producer of textiles and garments after China. It is the world’s third largest producer of cotton-after China and the USA - and the second largest cotton consumer after China. The textile and garment industry in India is one of the oldest manufacturing sectors in the country and is currently the largest . The textile and garment industry fulfils a pivotal role in the Indian economy. It is a major foreign exchange earner and, after agriculture, it is the largest employer with a total workforce of 35 mn. In 2005 textiles and garments accounted for about 14 per cent of industrial production and 16 per cent of export earnings. In cotton yarn production India has made a mark in the world textile scenario. It is the largest exporter of the cotton yarns in the world. Besides yarn exports, India’s growing garment industry is working as a driving force to improve the yarn quality and to increase the production of cotton yarn. During 2004-05, production of fabrics touched a peak of 45,378 million square meters. In theShow MoreRelatedHistory Of Cotton Cultivation And Production1425 Words   |  6 Pageshistory of cotton cultivation and production to cottons part in society now. Tyler Riviere 4 April, 2016 The evolutionary history of cotton played an important role in the heritage of the British Empire, the United States(U.S.), and India. Cotton continues to be an important crop and commodity throughout society. The history of Cotton is one of the most important factors to our society currently. Cotton cultivation dates back over 7,000 years, seeds of cotton are found all over the world. Cotton is hugelyRead MoreThe Textile Industry : The World s Economy And Daily Lifestyle1616 Words   |  7 PagesThe textile industry is a major entity in the world’s economy and daily lifestyle. Textiles are used in order to accentuate and warm the body. Heavier and more durable textiles are developed for the decoration and protection of furniture. There are approximately 7 billion people living in the world and all of them own at least one textile, whether it be a clothing item or a burlap sack. For thousands of years humanity has used textiles for practical and decorative uses. Inhabitants o f northwesternRead MoreMumbai And Its Impact On The West Coast Of India1087 Words   |  5 PagesMumbai or otherwise known as Bombay, originally began as a grouping of seven individual islands in the west coast of India. As a result of the British East India Company’s trading actions during the later part of the 17th century, the small port town began to develop. As time and enlargement of the city progressed over the course of the following two centuries, the seven islands were interconnected through large-scale engineering practices that included the addition of causeways and seawalls. TheseRead MoreBook Review and Questions: The Walgreens T-Shirt1330 Words   |  5 Pagesin the market and are often hidden from economist. Part 1 King Cotton American cotton farmers have accomplished an extremely rare thing by keeping a comparative advantage in cotton farming in the US for over 200 years. Explain why this has happened there are two broad categories of reasons. At the end of the section (p. 64 and 65) she uses Thomas Friedmans metaphor of the gazelles and the lions it turns out that American cotton farmers are both. The gazelles win by running faster and smarterRead MoreThe Long Term Economic Growth1290 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of industry in the colony. The other view is that people emphasize it was hard for the colonized to start the process of industrialization in the colony. In my opinion, both of the views are reasonable, but neither of them is comprehensive. In order to demonstrate my opinion on the relation, I choose British India and the Belgian Congo as two objects to analysis in the following paragraphs and specify the solution in the conclusion. Modern industrial development in British India can be dividedRead MoreThe Textile Industry Of India3002 Words   |  13 PagesABSTRACT The Textile industry in India has generated huge employment for both skilled and unskilled labor in textiles . It continues to be the second largest employment generating sector in India. It offers direct employment to over 35 million in the country. The share of textiles in total exports was 11.04% during April–July 2010, as per the Ministry of Textiles. Textile industry is one of the oldest industry of India. â€Æ' INTRODUCTION Textile Industries are concerned with the production of clothingRead MoreMajor Player in Textile Industry1410 Words   |  6 PagesMAJOR PLAYERS IN TEXTILE INDUSTRY THE ARVIND MILLS The Lalbhais can trace their descent from Seth Shantidas (c.1590-1659), who was a dominant figure in the business and civic life of the city.  The current surname, Lalbhai, is derived from Lalbhai Dalpatbhai the great great great grandson of Khushalchand. Lalbhai was born around the time when the first textile factory in the city went into production. The first manufacturing company of the Lalbhai family, Saraspur Manufacturing Company was establishedRead MoreThe Influence Of Industrialization In Europe855 Words   |  4 Pagesdramatic and most aggressive; it was based on a stream of European products, people, and ideas flowing from Europe to other parts of the world. The third great expansion had economic beginnings. With the industrial revolution, the ability of European industry to produce had increased exponentially. Those areas of the world that industrialized increased their wealth and power enormously in comparison to those who did not. As a result, a gap developed between the developed industrialized nations of theRead MoreThe Bcg Matrix1694 Words   |  7 Pagesmarketing manager. It is based on the observation that a company’s business units can be classified into four main categories based on combinations of market growth and market share, hence the name growth-share matrix. Market growth represents the industry attractive attractiveness, and market share stands for competitive advantage. This helps the marketing manager allocate resources and is used as an analytical tool in brand marketing, product management, strategic management etc. The basic idea behindRead MoreThe Origins Of The Modern World982 Words   |  4 Pagesthe period of 1400-1850. He shows that how Asia is the center prior of the 1800s not the standard Eurocentric and it s a polycentric world in term of the world trade. In the Origins, he focuses on the economic history where geographical on China, India, and England. In the beginning of the book he starts with a summary of Rise of the West where he say the west as dynamic, forward looking, progressive, and free, and Asia as stagnating, backward, and despotic. After that he started building up

My Argument Paper Free Essays

Stefanie Markel 1/2/2012 English Composition II Maria Mahon Adoption vs. Artificial Insemination Argument Essay When starting a family, parents are given several options. Unassisted pregnancy, where a couple gets pregnant with no outside interference, artificial insemination, or adoption are several options that a couple would consider when deciding to start a family. We will write a custom essay sample on My Argument Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now The two that I will focus on are the latter two, adoption and artificial insemination. Adoption is a special, somewhat heartbreaking subject for me, however, for the sake of this argument, it needs to be addressed. I will touch on the pros and cons of each technique of starting a family. My position is that the decision to adopt or be artificially inseminated is an informed decision that each person should make after reviewing all of the information that one can gather. IF it were me, I would prefer artificial insemination, for of course, my own personal reasons. The adoption process brings to light several pros and several cons that a couple or single parent would need to consider before proceeding. Before considering adoption, one would need to consider these things, 1. cost of adoption, 2. ) domestic or international adoption, 3. ) and cost of caring for child, 4. ) opened or closed adoption. One pro of adoption is if you are not able to have a child of your own, there are many children out there that need a home and family to care for them. Depending on the situation a child is in, you may be saving that child from abuse, neglect, poverty, or malnutrition from environmental challenges (if a dopted internationally you may see this more so than domestically). On the other hand, it may be a situation of an underage mother that has no help or ability to care for the child. Another pro of adoption is that you would be able to have a child even if you as couple or as a single mother cannot conceive on your own. A con of adoption is that it is expensive; there is a lot that goes into approving someone to be able to adopt a child. And the time that it takes for an adoption to be finalized can take months up to years. The end result of holding a child in your arms is the biggest pro of all. Now a con in the child’s point of view would be not knowing who your biological parents are or your heritage. As a child who was adopted grows older, he/she may have questions that can be difficult at best to explain depending on the circumstances of the adoption. This is where my experience comes in; however, my experience is an exceptional situation. I was adopted by my maternal grandmother at the age of 10 years old. This was an open adoption. This made things very difficult. My mother did not just have my grandmother adopt and then leave me be. No, she was in and out of my life constantly, usually when it was convenient for her. This made things difficult for my adoptive mother to deal with. This is not usually a normal situation. My children, not by my choice, however, were also adopted last year. The adoptive parents do not allow me contact, this is a closed adoption. I hope to one day change this. (personal experience) While my mother gave up her rights willingly, I did not willingly sign the papers giving up my rights, I was forced to. These are two extreme situations of adoption. When my children get older, they will ask the questions of who they are and where they come from of their adoptive parents, then my hope is that they will come find me so that we may eventually have a mother/children relationship. The second option that is available for prospective parents is artificial insemination. This is a slightly less expensive option to become parents, depending on what route you take. A pro to this, is that you can become a natural parent, by this I mean the child is yours biologically. Now depending on the situation, you may be seeking to have a child, but do not have a partner. Or your partner (male) may not be able to help conceive a child. These are just two reasons that you would choose this option, there are many reasons, and all are different for different people. In this process, at least one process that is, you can go to cryogenic clinic, select the donor you wish, and have a doctor inseminate you. To choose a donor, select age, race, medical history (personal and family), profession, hobbies. This will bring up donors to choose from. Another con is that even though you can select pretty much everything about a donor, your child will not look like your partner, and could eventually raise questions later. Another con, as a single parent choosing this option, as your child grows older, they may ask questions that you cannot answer, as well as the question to find their biological father. In conclusion, of the two options given, each have their pros and cons but they both have a wonderful ending result, a child to love. No matter what choice you choose, remember a child is a precious responsibility and nothing to take lightly. When it comes time for me to choose, it may be possible for me to choose both, having been adopted I do know the benefits to the child in a normal situation. And I would love to experience pregnancy again, although I may not have a partner, I do know that I will have lots of support if I decide to do the second option. I would very much like to give a child a home someday and get them out of whatever situation they are in. References Adoption. com, retrieved 1/4/2012 from http://forums. doption. com/thanks-life/62158-seeking-adoptees-pro-life-pro-adoption-testimonies. html Adoption. org, retrieved 1/3/2012 from http://www. adoption. org/adopt/pro-adoption. php Personal Experience of being adopted and having my children taken from me and being adopted by foster parents LifeScript: Healthy Living for Women, retrieved 1/3/201, http://www. lifescript. com/Health/Conditions/Womens- health/Pregnancy/The_Pros_And_Cons_Of_Artificial_Insemination. aspx WebMD, retrieved 1/3/2012 from http://www. webmd. com/infertility-and-reproduction/guide/artificial-insemination How to cite My Argument Paper, Essays

Is Fashion Art Essay Example For Students

Is Fashion Art Essay Everybody questions art. You would think art is merely created for admiration, but its not. The average person would describe art as a drawing on a piece of paper, and this quote by Clement Greenberg (1909-1991) suggests why: The task of self-criticism became to eliminate from the effects of each art, any and every effect that might conceivably be borrowed from or by the medium of any other art. Thereby, each art would be rendered pure Painting is not sculpture it is two-dimensional; Painting is not photography it should not reproduce appearance; Painting is not literature it should not tell stories; Painting is not music it is silent. But if we did believe that art was purely a drawing created by the markings of an ordinary medium (such as a pencil, paint, etc) on a piece of paper, then that would be ignorant. Times have evolved, and everything is becoming more modern, from the way we think, to the things we do, to the things that are being made/designed/thought of, etc. Art is now a much broader term and a lot of the time does not even result in the use of a pencil and paper. Art can comprise of architecture, music, sculpture, magazines, films, and fashion, and those are only a few examples. On a recent excursion to the Tate Modern, I came across two pieces of art which left me baffled. The first was half a glass of water on a stand, and the second was a large canvas painted completely in grey, which was actually titled Grey by Gerhard Richter. I looked at both and could not understand why anyone would consider this to be art. It just seemed so simple and effortless, and as though anybody could accomplish an exact replica. What exactly is the meaning and the concept behind something so ludicrous? What could have possibly triggered a person to think I will paint a canvas grey and claim it to be a piece of artwork. Where has the passion and thought gone? The ideas, the detail, and the complexity that we crave to marvel at? During a lecture a few months back, we were informed of artist Paul Klees description of art, which is that it begins with the foundation of a single point. It is where all pictorial form begins, with the point that sets itself in motion. The point then leads to a line, then the two-dimensional plane, followed by the three-dimensional. Vertical and horizontal lines are the expression of two opposing forces; these exist everywhere and dominate everything Piet Mondrian, 1921. And if we reminisce back to the times of the Pre-homosapians, they made images on surfaces that mean something, like on caves the meanings of these images were unknown. We are unsure as to whether they were for any specific purpose, for admiration, for communication, or any other reason. But it is interesting that art goes back all those centuries ago, and that it was possible to create without the use of a pencil and a piece of paper. In my experience and opinion, art is anything. It can be created to cause controversy, to view, to sell, to buy, to create, to design, to question, to interpret, to admire, to disapprove, or to judge. It can be displayed for personal use or for societys use. So to conclude from this information, art really is anything and everything. If it is correct that it all begins with the point, then paintings, sculptures, architecture, and fashion should all be considered art. A painting has to begin with the point of a medium on a canvas, a sculpture and architecture has to begin with the point of a material, and fashion has to begin with the point of a stitch onto a piece of fabric. .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 , .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .postImageUrl , .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 , .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481:hover , .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481:visited , .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481:active { border:0!important; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481:active , .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Robert Schumann EssayWhich leads me on to my next question, is fashion art? Fashion is not something that exists in dresses only. Fashion is in the sky, in the street, fashion has to do with ideas, the way we live, what is happening Coco Chanel. In my opinion yes, fashion is art. But who decides? Fashion is not usually put in a gallery although a notable exception is the Victoria and Albert Museum, with an excellent costume gallery. But then is fashion simply just what we wear? Fashion is usually trends which have been disseminated from the catwalks to the high street, rather than cutting-edge couture that is beyond most budgets. But then again, is that Monet poster on your wall not art? It may be a reproduction of the painting, but it is still art, isnt it? And what about your Topshop dress. Is that art? Well, perhaps a reproduction of it. After all, clothes are designed, created, and displayed on the catwalk in a series of stages comparable to that of the production of a work of art. What about Tracy Emins My Bed, is it art? Is Marcel Duchamps Fountain (a urinal which he signed with a pseudonym) art? Well if you disagree then you may have to reconsider your decision as it was voted the most influential 20th century artwork in 2004. These works are both acclaimed and slated, and yet there is probably less actual artistic work in them than in a Stella McCartney outfit. Perhaps fashion is just craftsmanship? But then, surely so is painting, sculpture and architecture, requiring specific skills to produce, and yet few people would argue that they do not constitute an artistic endeavour. Fortunys tiny pleats of the 1920s (practically unwearable but certainly beautiful) were like Grecian sculptures: detailed, handmade pieces that represented a lifes work. In the 1970s, Jean Muirs flowing silk jersey dresses gave women the chance to look like Pre-Raphaelite heroines. The eclecticism of Bibas lifestyle/fashion emporium gave the women of the 60s and 70s the chance to dress up in bohemian exotic clothes. So perhaps fashion imitates art? After all, it uses similar processes in thought, as well as in the design, and the actual making. It takes years to build a structure in architecture, and it can also take years to create a piece of clothing worthy for the catwalk. Art is what you can get away with Andy Warhol. This is exactly what fashion is too. Coco Chanel said that fashion is a matter of proportions, which is one of the significant rules of art: architecture, painting, sculpture, and no doubt other arts too, such as music and poetry. In fact, catwalk reports often describe sartorial embellishments as architectural, shoes as towering, colours as rich and textured art critics and fashion critics use the same language. For example, Vogue reporting on the Miu Miu Spring/Summer catwalk talks of jewelled palettes and clean lines, while the Galliano report talks of Faberge eggs, gold leaf and vibrant primaries. Art is something we can admire, argue about, love or hate but we cannot take it home with us except as a postcard. Fashion is something we can have the same kind of relationship with, but on an even more personal level, because wearable art, art we can actually wrap around us and go out in, actually becomes us. So in a sense, fashion is all around us. Compared to actual art, as in paintings, (which you usually have to view in a gallery) we see fashion everyday, it is everywhere. The complete picture is what makes it art not just the label, but the handbag, the hair, the makeup, the shoes, as well as the dress. These are the tiny dots of paint that make up the overall work of art, and as depicted from my lecture, all art begins with a point on a surface. .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 , .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .postImageUrl , .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 , .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7:hover , .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7:visited , .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7:active { border:0!important; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7:active , .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The concept of earning ones citizenship EssayBut because we see it everyday, does that make it less valuable, or less inclined to be considered as art? I would say the answer to that is no. Architecture and sculptures are seen everyday, and these are considered as a major part of the artistic world. Fashion is very much of its time. It is always about the current season, and what is coming next. It is an ever-changing industry, and even though certain attire does go out of fashion, something from the past always comes back. For example; Leg Warmers are back on the market, from the 80s to the 21st Century. There are so many possibilities, and there are no rules and regulations to fashion, which in that sense compares it to art (particularly in terms of paintings).

Is Fashion Art Essay Example For Students

Is Fashion Art Essay Everybody questions art. You would think art is merely created for admiration, but its not. The average person would describe art as a drawing on a piece of paper, and this quote by Clement Greenberg (1909-1991) suggests why: The task of self-criticism became to eliminate from the effects of each art, any and every effect that might conceivably be borrowed from or by the medium of any other art. Thereby, each art would be rendered pure Painting is not sculpture it is two-dimensional; Painting is not photography it should not reproduce appearance; Painting is not literature it should not tell stories; Painting is not music it is silent. But if we did believe that art was purely a drawing created by the markings of an ordinary medium (such as a pencil, paint, etc) on a piece of paper, then that would be ignorant. Times have evolved, and everything is becoming more modern, from the way we think, to the things we do, to the things that are being made/designed/thought of, etc. Art is now a much broader term and a lot of the time does not even result in the use of a pencil and paper. Art can comprise of architecture, music, sculpture, magazines, films, and fashion, and those are only a few examples. On a recent excursion to the Tate Modern, I came across two pieces of art which left me baffled. The first was half a glass of water on a stand, and the second was a large canvas painted completely in grey, which was actually titled Grey by Gerhard Richter. I looked at both and could not understand why anyone would consider this to be art. It just seemed so simple and effortless, and as though anybody could accomplish an exact replica. What exactly is the meaning and the concept behind something so ludicrous? What could have possibly triggered a person to think I will paint a canvas grey and claim it to be a piece of artwork. Where has the passion and thought gone? The ideas, the detail, and the complexity that we crave to marvel at? During a lecture a few months back, we were informed of artist Paul Klees description of art, which is that it begins with the foundation of a single point. It is where all pictorial form begins, with the point that sets itself in motion. The point then leads to a line, then the two-dimensional plane, followed by the three-dimensional. Vertical and horizontal lines are the expression of two opposing forces; these exist everywhere and dominate everything Piet Mondrian, 1921. And if we reminisce back to the times of the Pre-homosapians, they made images on surfaces that mean something, like on caves the meanings of these images were unknown. We are unsure as to whether they were for any specific purpose, for admiration, for communication, or any other reason. But it is interesting that art goes back all those centuries ago, and that it was possible to create without the use of a pencil and a piece of paper. In my experience and opinion, art is anything. It can be created to cause controversy, to view, to sell, to buy, to create, to design, to question, to interpret, to admire, to disapprove, or to judge. It can be displayed for personal use or for societys use. So to conclude from this information, art really is anything and everything. If it is correct that it all begins with the point, then paintings, sculptures, architecture, and fashion should all be considered art. A painting has to begin with the point of a medium on a canvas, a sculpture and architecture has to begin with the point of a material, and fashion has to begin with the point of a stitch onto a piece of fabric. .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 , .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .postImageUrl , .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 , .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481:hover , .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481:visited , .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481:active { border:0!important; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481:active , .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481 .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue0a7c332b7288b4ea6e4e3b074bd6481:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Robert Schumann EssayWhich leads me on to my next question, is fashion art? Fashion is not something that exists in dresses only. Fashion is in the sky, in the street, fashion has to do with ideas, the way we live, what is happening Coco Chanel. In my opinion yes, fashion is art. But who decides? Fashion is not usually put in a gallery although a notable exception is the Victoria and Albert Museum, with an excellent costume gallery. But then is fashion simply just what we wear? Fashion is usually trends which have been disseminated from the catwalks to the high street, rather than cutting-edge couture that is beyond most budgets. But then again, is that Monet poster on your wall not art? It may be a reproduction of the painting, but it is still art, isnt it? And what about your Topshop dress. Is that art? Well, perhaps a reproduction of it. After all, clothes are designed, created, and displayed on the catwalk in a series of stages comparable to that of the production of a work of art. What about Tracy Emins My Bed, is it art? Is Marcel Duchamps Fountain (a urinal which he signed with a pseudonym) art? Well if you disagree then you may have to reconsider your decision as it was voted the most influential 20th century artwork in 2004. These works are both acclaimed and slated, and yet there is probably less actual artistic work in them than in a Stella McCartney outfit. Perhaps fashion is just craftsmanship? But then, surely so is painting, sculpture and architecture, requiring specific skills to produce, and yet few people would argue that they do not constitute an artistic endeavour. Fortunys tiny pleats of the 1920s (practically unwearable but certainly beautiful) were like Grecian sculptures: detailed, handmade pieces that represented a lifes work. In the 1970s, Jean Muirs flowing silk jersey dresses gave women the chance to look like Pre-Raphaelite heroines. The eclecticism of Bibas lifestyle/fashion emporium gave the women of the 60s and 70s the chance to dress up in bohemian exotic clothes. So perhaps fashion imitates art? After all, it uses similar processes in thought, as well as in the design, and the actual making. It takes years to build a structure in architecture, and it can also take years to create a piece of clothing worthy for the catwalk. Art is what you can get away with Andy Warhol. This is exactly what fashion is too. Coco Chanel said that fashion is a matter of proportions, which is one of the significant rules of art: architecture, painting, sculpture, and no doubt other arts too, such as music and poetry. In fact, catwalk reports often describe sartorial embellishments as architectural, shoes as towering, colours as rich and textured art critics and fashion critics use the same language. For example, Vogue reporting on the Miu Miu Spring/Summer catwalk talks of jewelled palettes and clean lines, while the Galliano report talks of Faberge eggs, gold leaf and vibrant primaries. Art is something we can admire, argue about, love or hate but we cannot take it home with us except as a postcard. Fashion is something we can have the same kind of relationship with, but on an even more personal level, because wearable art, art we can actually wrap around us and go out in, actually becomes us. So in a sense, fashion is all around us. Compared to actual art, as in paintings, (which you usually have to view in a gallery) we see fashion everyday, it is everywhere. The complete picture is what makes it art not just the label, but the handbag, the hair, the makeup, the shoes, as well as the dress. These are the tiny dots of paint that make up the overall work of art, and as depicted from my lecture, all art begins with a point on a surface. .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 , .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .postImageUrl , .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 , .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7:hover , .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7:visited , .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7:active { border:0!important; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7:active , .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7 .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u86c78f5ae415a5f4b256eaeeeb4452f7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The concept of earning ones citizenship EssayBut because we see it everyday, does that make it less valuable, or less inclined to be considered as art? I would say the answer to that is no. Architecture and sculptures are seen everyday, and these are considered as a major part of the artistic world. Fashion is very much of its time. It is always about the current season, and what is coming next. It is an ever-changing industry, and even though certain attire does go out of fashion, something from the past always comes back. For example; Leg Warmers are back on the market, from the 80s to the 21st Century. There are so many possibilities, and there are no rules and regulations to fashion, which in that sense compares it to art (particularly in terms of paintings).

A study on Penis free essay sample

Penis (plural penises or penes) is a general term for the organs with which male and hermaphrodite animals introduce sperm into receptive females during copulation. Such organs occur in many animals, both vertebrate and invertebrate, but males do not bear a penis in every animal species, and in those species in which the male does bear a so-called penis, the penes in the various species are not necessarily homologous. For example, the penis of a mammal is at most analogous to the penis of a male insect or barnacle. The term penis applies to many reproductive intromittent organs, but not to all; for example the intromittent organ of most cephalopoda is the hectocotylus, a specialised arm, and male spiders use their pedipalps. In most species of animals in which there is an organ that might reasonably be described as a penis, it has no major function other than intromission, or at least conveying the sperm to the female, but in the placental mammals the penis bears the distal part of the urethra, which discharges both urine during urination and semen during copulation as the occasion requires. We will write a custom essay sample on A study on Penis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Blue Whale has the largest penis of any organism on the planet, typically measuring 8-10 feet. Contents [hide] 1 In different animals 1. 1 Vertebrates 1. 1. 1 Mammals 1. 1. 2 Other vertebrates 1. 2 Invertebrates 2 Etymology 3 See also 4 References 5 External links In different animals Vertebrates Mammals Further information: Sexual reproduction in male mammals For the male human sexual organ, see Human penis. Penis of an Asian elephant. As with any other bodily attribute, the length and girth of the penis can be highly variable between individuals of the same species. In many animals, especially mammals, the size of a flaccid penis is smaller than its erect size. A bone called the baculum or os penis is present in most mammals but absent in humans and horses. In mammals the penis is divided into three parts:[1] Roots (crura): these begin at the caudal border of the pelvic ischial arch. Body: the part of the penis extending from the roots. Glans: the free end of the penis. The internal structures of the penis consist mainly of cavernous, erectile tissue, which is a collection of blood sinusoids separated by sheets of connective tissue (trabeculae). Some mammals have a lot of erectile tissue relative to connective tissue, for example horses. Because of this a horses penis can enlarge more than a bulls penis. The urethra is on the ventral side of the body of the penis. Stallions have a vascular penis. When non-erect, it is quite flaccid and contained within the prepuce (foreskin, or sheath). The retractor penis muscle is relatively underdeveloped. Erection and protrusion take place gradually, by the increasing tumescence of the erectile vascular tissue in the corpus cavernosum penis. Bulls, rams and boars have an S-shaped penis with a sigmoid flexure which straightens out during erection. Bulls have a fibro-elastic penis. Given the small amount of erectile tissue, there is little enlargement after erection. The penis is quite rigid when non-erect, and becomes even more rigid during erection. Protrusion is not affected much by erection, but more by relaxation of the retractor penis muscle and straightening of the sigmoid flexure. [2] Canids, including dogs, have a bulbus glandis at the base of their penis. During coitus the bulbus glandis swells up and results in a tie (the male and female dogs being tied together). Muscles in the vagina of the female assist the retention by contracting. Cats have barbed penises, with about 120–150 one millimeter long backwards-pointing spines. [3] Upon withdrawal of the penis, the spines rake the walls of the females vagina, which is a trigger for ovulation. As a general rule, a mammals penis is proportional to its body size, but this varies greatly between species – even between closely related ones. For example, an adult gorillas erect penis is about 4 cm (1. 5 in) in length; an adult chimpanzee, significantly smaller (in body size) than a gorilla, has a penis size about double that of the gorilla. In comparison, the human penis is larger than that of any other primate, both in proportion to body size and in absolute terms. [4] In the realm of absolute size, the smallest vertebrate penis belongs to the common shrew (5 mm or 0. 2 inches). Accurate measurements of the blue whale are difficult to take because the whales erect length can only be observed during mating. [5] Most marsupials, except for the two largest species of kangaroos, have a bifurcated penis, separated into two columns, so that the penis has two ends corresponding to the females two vaginas. [6] Neither marsupials nor monotremes possess a baculum. Echidnas have a four-headed penis, but only two of the heads are used during mating. The other two heads shut down and do not grow in size. The heads used are swapped each time the mammal has sex. [7] It has been postulated that the shape of the human penis may have been selected by sperm competition. The shape could have favored displacement of seminal fluids implanted within the female reproductive tract by rival males: the thrusting action which occurs during sexual intercourse can mechanically remove seminal fluid out of the cervix area from a previous mating. Other vertebrates Most male birds (e. g. , roosters and turkeys) have a cloaca (also present on the female), but not a penis. Among bird species with a penis are paleognathes (tinamous and ratites), Anatidae (ducks, geese and swans), and a very few other species (such as flamingoes). A bird penis is different in structure from mammal penises, being an erectile expansion of the cloacal wall and being erected by lymph, not blood. It is usually partially feathered and in some species features spines and brush-like filaments, and in flaccid state curls up inside the cloaca. The Argentine Blue-bill has the largest penis in relation to body size of all vertebrates; while usually about half the body size (20 cm), a specimen with a penis 42. 5 cm long is documented. Male turtles and crocodiles have a penis, while male specimens of the reptile order Squamata have two paired organs called hemipenes. Tuataras must use their cloacae for reproduction. [9] In some fishes, the gonopodium, andropodium, and claspers are intromittent organs (to introduce sperm into the female) developed from modified fins. The spine-covered penis of Callosobruchus analis, a Bean weevil. Invertebrates The record for the largest penis to body size ratio is held by the barnacle. The barnacles penis can grow to up to forty times its own body length. This enables them to reach the nearest female. [5] In male insects, the structure analogous to a penis is known as aedeagus. The male copulatory organ of various lower invertebrate animals is often called the cirrus. A number of invertebrate species have independently evolved the mating technique of traumatic insemination where the penis penetrates the females abdomen and deposits sperm in the wound it produces.